Usoro Modulus Njupụta na Elastic maka Ọtụtụ Ihe Solids, Mmiri Mmiri, na Gas
Fizik bụ ọmụmụ ihe bụ isi nke ihe onwunwe na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Echiche abụọ dị mkpa na fizik nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịghọta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ njupụta na modulus nke ikesa. Isiokwu a ga-atụle nkọwa, usoro, na ihe atụ ojiji nke echiche abụọ a maka ihe dị iche iche n'usoro atọ: siri ike, mmiri mmiri, na gas.
Njupụta
Njupụta bụ ọnụọgụgụ nke na-egosipụta oke nke ihe kwa otu olu. Njupụta nwere ike inye ozi gbasara njupụta nke ihe ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
1. Nkọwa na Usoro nke Njupụta
Enwere ike ịkọwa njupụta (\( \rho \)) dị ka oke dị n'etiti oke (\( m \)) na olu (\( V \)) nke ihe ahụ. Usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ:
\[
\rho = \frac{m}{V}
\]
Ebe:
– \( \rho \) bụ njupụta,
– \( m \) bụ oke ahụ,
– \(V \) bụ olu.
2. Njupụta nke ihe siri ike
Njupụta nke ihe siri ike na-adịkarị elu karịa nke mmiri mmiri na gas n'ihi na ihe ndị mejupụtara ha na-ejupụta nke ọma. Ihe atụ nke njupụta nke ụfọdụ ihe siri ike bụ:
– Aluminom: \( 2.7 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Ígwè: \( 7.87 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Ọlaedo: \( 19.32 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
3. Njupụta nke mmiri mmiri
Njupụta nke mmiri mmiri na-adịkarị ala karịa nke ihe siri ike, mana ọ dị elu karịa nke gas. Ihe atụ nke njupụta nke ụfọdụ mmiri mmiri bụ:
– Mmiri: \( 1 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Mmanya: \( 0.789 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Mercury: \( 13.6 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
4. Njupụta Gas
Njupụta nke gas dabere nke ukwuu n'ọnọdụ nrụgide na okpomọkụ. Njupụta nke gas dị obere karịa nke ihe siri ike na mmiri mmiri. Ihe atụ nke njupụta nke ụfọdụ gas bụ:
– Ikuku: \( 0.001225 \, \ederede{g/cm}^3 \)
– Haịdrojiin: \( 0.00008988 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Carbon dioxide: \( 0.001977 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
Modulu nke Elasticity
Modulu nke mgbanwe bụ ihe a na-eji atụ ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ iguzogide mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbe a na-enye ya ike. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị modulus nke mgbanwe, mana nke kachasị bụ modulus Young, shear modulus, na modulus buru ibu.
1. Modulu Young
Mọdụl Young (\( E \)) bụ ihe a na-eji atụ nke isi ike nke ihe mgbe a gbatịrị ya ma ọ bụ kpachie ya. Enwere ike ịkọwa modulus Young dị ka oke nrụgide (\( \sigma \)) na nrụgide (\( \varepsilon \)) na oke elastic nke ihe ahụ:
\[
E = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon}
\]
Ebe:
– \( E \) bụ modulus nke Young,
– \( \sigma \) bụ nrụgide (ike kwa mpaghara otu),
– \( \varepsilon \) bụ ụdị nsogbu ahụ (mgbanwe n'ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ogologo mbụ).
Ihe atụ nke modulus nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị a bụ:
– Ígwè: \( 200 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Aluminom: \( 69 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Rọba: \( 0.01 \, \text{GPa} \)
2. Shear Modulus
Modulu shear (\( G \)) bụ ihe a na-eji atụ nke isi ike nke ihe mgbe ejiri ike shear mee ihe. Enwere ike ịkọwa modulus shear dị ka oke nrụgide shear (\( \tau \)) na nsogbu shear (\( \gamma \)):
\[
G = \frac{\tau}{\gamma}
\]
Ebe:
– \(G \) bụ modulus shear,
– \( \tau \) bụ nrụgide shear,
– \( \gamma \) bụ ụdị ịkpụcha.
Ihe atụ nke shear modulu nke ụfọdụ ihe bụ:
– Ígwè: \( 80 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Aluminom: \( 25 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Rọba: \( 0.0006 \, \text{GPa} \)
3. Modulu Ukwu
Mọdụl ukwu (\( K \)) bụ ihe a na-eji atụ nke ike siri ike nke ihe mgbe e tinyere ya n'okpuru ike nrụgide otu site na ntụziaka niile (mkpakọ isotropic). Enwere ike ịkọwa modulus nnukwu dị ka oke nke nrụgide (\( P \)) na mgbanwe olu (\( \Delta V / V \)):
\[
K = – \ frac {P}{\Delta V/V}
\]
Ebe:
– \( K \) bụ modulus buru ibu,
– \( P \) bụ nrụgide,
– \( \Delta V \) bụ mgbanwe olu,
– \(V \) bụ olu mbụ.
Ihe atụ nke modulus buru ibu nke ụfọdụ ihe bụ:
– Ígwè: \( 160 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Mmiri: \( 2.2 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Iko: \( 35 \, \ederede{GPa} \)
Ngwa dị na Ndụ Kwa Ụbọchị
1. Njupụta
A na-eji njupụta eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, dịka ịchọpụta ma ihe ọ bụla ọ ga-emikpu ma ọ bụ see n'ime mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ihe ndị nwere njupụta dị ala karịa mmiri eme ụgbọ mmiri iji mee ka ha na-ese n'elu mmiri. Njupụta dịkwa mkpa n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu maka ịchọpụta ịdị mma na ike nke ihe.
2. Modulu nke Elasticity
A na-eji modulus nke elasticity eme ihe na injinịa na imewe iji chọpụta ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka ojiji dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ejikarị ígwè arụ ọrụ n'iwu ụlọ na àkwà mmiri n'ihi na o nwere modulus Young dị elu, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ike iguzogide ibu buru ibu na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe. A na-eji roba eme ihe n'ịmepụta taya n'ihi na o nwere modulus Young dị ala, nke na-enye ya ohere ịmịkọrọ ihe mberede ma nye njem dị mma.
Mmechi
Ịghọta echiche nke njupụta na modulus nke njupụta dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ ngalaba sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Njupụta na-enyere anyị aka ịghọta njupụta na nkesa oke nke ihe, ebe modulus nke njupụta na-enye ozi gbasara ike na ikike nke ihe iji guzogide mgbanwe. Site n'ịghọta usoro na ojiji nke echiche abụọ a, anyị nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma ihe onwunwe nke ihe ma tinye ha n'ọrụ ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị.
