Keeb Kwm thiab Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Jazz ua Ib Hom Suab Paj Nruag
Jazz yog ib hom suab paj nruag uas muaj feem cuam tshuam tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm niaj hnub no. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib hom suab paj nruag xwb, tab sis yog ib hom lus kab lis kev cai uas yug los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kab lis kev cai African, European, thiab Asmeskas thaum xyoo pua 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th. Ua los ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj, kev sib hloov suab paj nruag, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais tawm, jazz tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv ib lub kaus dav dav uas muaj ntau hom suab paj nruag me. Tsab xov xwm no tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm jazz, txij li nws cov hauv paus hniav mus rau nws txoj kev hloov pauv mus rau hauv suab paj nruag thoob ntiaj teb.
Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm: Kev Sib Tham ntawm Cov Kab Lis Kev Cai ntawm Africa thiab European
Keeb kwm ntawm jazz yog qhov sib txuas nrog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg African uas raug yuam kom coj mus rau Asmeskas los ntawm kev ua qhev. Cov kab lis kev cai suab paj nruag African - xws li cov qauv rhythmic nyuaj, kev hu-thiab-teb, thiab kev siv suab paj nruag ua ib feem ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab sab ntsuj plig - tau ntsib nrog cov ntsiab lus suab paj nruag European, suav nrog kev sib haum xeeb tonal, cov twj paj nruag orchestral, thiab cov qauv sau ntawv.
Hauv Asmeskas, qhov kev ntsib no tau yug los ntau hom kev ua ntej ntawm jazz, xws li kev ntseeg, zaj nkauj ua haujlwm, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog blues. Blues tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav ntawm jazz: kev qhia txog kev tu siab, kev ua siab ntev, nrog rau kev lom zem thiab kev thuam thaum ntsib lub neej. Cov qauv blues 12-bar, "blue notes" (cov ntawv qis dua), thiab kev hais lus zoo nkauj tau dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus uas tom qab ntawd tau nkag mus rau hauv ntau hom jazz.
Ntxiv rau blues, ragtime kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv theem thaum ntxov ntawm jazz. Ragtime—nrog nws cov suab paj nruag muaj zog, sib dhos thiab feem ntau ua si ntawm lub piano—sawv cev rau sab "sau" thiab kev sau nkauj, thaum jazz sai sai no tau paub tias yog suab paj nruag uas vam meej ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj.
New Orleans: Qhov chaw yug ntawm Modern Jazz
Muaj ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm suab paj nruag pom zoo tias New Orleans, Louisiana, yog "chaw kuaj mob" qhov chaw uas cov suab paj nruag jazz niaj hnub no yug los. Lub nroog chaw nres nkoj no thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th yog qhov chaw sib xyaw ntawm cov kab lis kev cai: Fabkis, Mev, African, Caribbean, thiab Creole zej zog. Hauv New Orleans, suab paj nruag tau muaj nyob rau ntawm cov kev ua koob tsheej, kev pam tuag, kev lom zem ntawm txoj kev, thiab cov koom haum. Cov pab pawg suab paj nruag tooj dag tau ua si cov kev taug kev thiab cov nkauj nrov European, tab sis nrog cov suab paj nruag sib dhos thiab lub siab xav ua kom zoo.
Ib qho ntawm cov cim ntawm New Orleans jazz thaum ntxov yog kev ua suab paj nruag ua ke: lub raj trumpet lossis cornet tuav lub suab paj nruag ua ntej, lub clarinet dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab lus sai, thiab lub trombone muab cov suab qis thiab cov slides, thaum lub suab nrov tau tswj hwm los ntawm banjo, tuba, thiab drums. Ib tug neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog Louis Armstrong, uas tau hloov pauv jazz los ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag ua ke mus rau kev ua suab paj nruag ib leeg, tso tus neeg nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev hais tawm.
Xyoo 1920: Lub Caij Nyoog Jazz, Cov Ntaub Ntawv, thiab Kev Faib Tawm
Xyoo 1920 feem ntau hu ua Lub Caij Nyoog Jazz. Kev nce qib hauv kev siv tshuab kaw suab thiab xov tooj cua tau tso cai rau jazz kis mus sai sai dhau New Orleans. Muaj ntau tus neeg ua suab paj nruag tau tsiv mus rau Chicago thiab New York, nrhiav kev ua haujlwm hauv cov koom haum thiab kev lag luam lom ze. Chicago tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau jazz thaum ntxov, thaum New York tau tsim los ua lub hauv paus muaj tswv yim uas muaj ntau yam qauv sib txawv.
Thaum lub sijhawm no, jazz kuj tau txuas nrog kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog: Kev txwv tsis pub haus cawv hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau ua rau muaj cov chaw haus cawv (cov khw haus cawv tsis raug cai) uas tau dhau los ua qhov chaw yug me nyuam rau suab paj nruag jazz. Jazz tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev niaj hnub, kev ywj pheej, thiab kev lom zem hmo ntuj. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm no kuj tau cim los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm haiv neeg: ntau yam kev hloov pauv tshiab tau los ntawm cov neeg ua suab paj nruag dub, tab sis kev lag luam kev lom zem feem ntau muab cov platforms thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau cov neeg ua suab paj nruag dawb. Txawm li cas los xij, jazz tseem yog qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm kab lis kev cai nyuaj thiab muaj zog.
Xyoo 1930: Swing thiab Kev Ua tiav ntawm Big Bands
Thaum nkag mus rau xyoo 1930, kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev lag luam thiab qhov xav tau kev lom zem rau pawg neeg tau ua rau muaj kev yug los ntawm kev seev cev. Jazz tau dhau los ua suab paj nruag seev cev nrov, ua si los ntawm cov pab pawg loj nrog kev npaj ntau dua. Cov cim ntawm Swing yog nws cov suab paj nruag swinging, cov khoom siv twj paj nruag uas tau teeb tsa zoo (piv txwv li, saxophone, trombone, trumpet), thiab qhov chaw rau kev ua yeeb yam ib leeg hauv kev npaj.
Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv kev ua suab paj nruag swing suav nrog Duke Ellington, uas tau coj jazz mus rau theem siab ntawm kev sau nkauj thiab kev sib dhos; Count Basie, nrog nws cov suab paj nruag muaj zog thiab muaj chaw dav rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj; thiab Benny Goodman, uas tau ua rau swing nrov rau cov neeg tuaj saib dav dav. Swing tau cim lub sijhawm thaum jazz tau dhau los ua suab paj nruag nrov, ua si hauv chav ua si thiab tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws.
Xyoo 1940: Bebop thiab Kev Hloov Pauv Artistic
Thaum lub suab seev cev pib raug suav hais tias yog kev lag luam ntau dhau thiab khi rau kev seev cev, bebop tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1940. Bebop yog ib qho kev teb muaj tswv yim: lub sijhawm ceev ceev, kev sib haum xeeb nyuaj, cov nkauj ntswj, thiab kev ua kom zoo heev. Jazz tau hloov pauv ntawm suab paj nruag rau kev seev cev mus rau suab paj nruag rau kev mloog zoo.
Cov npe loj tshaj plaws ntawm Bebop suav nrog Charlie Parker (alto saxophone), Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Thelonious Monk (piano), thiab Bud Powell (piano). Bebop kuj tau ua kom jazz lub cim xeeb ua suab paj nruag kos duab thiab tau tsim txoj hauv kev rau kev tshawb nrhiav ntau ntxiv txog kev sib haum xeeb thiab lub suab nrov.
Xyoo 1950–1960: Cool Jazz, Hard Bop, Modal, thiab Free Jazz
Tom qab bebop, jazz tau hloov zuj zus mus rau ntau qhov chaw. Cool jazz tau tshwm sim nrog nws tus cwj pwm calmer, cov kab lus ntev dua, thiab qhov "cool" lossis du, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg ua suab paj nruag zoo li Miles Davis ib zaug lossis lwm lub sijhawm, thiab Dave Brubeck. Hard bop, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau tshwm sim ua qhov "down-to-earth" txuas ntxiv ntawm bebop, rov ua dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm blues thiab gospel. Art Blakey thiab Horace Silver yog cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv hom no.
Thaum xyoo 1950s lig, modal jazz tau ua tiav nws qhov kev vam meej loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog Miles Davis's album Kind of Blue (1959). Hloov chaw ntawm kev nce qib sai ntawm bebop, modal jazz siv hom (scales) ua lub moj khaum, tso cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav melodic thiab atmospheric ntau dua.
Lub caij no, cov suab paj nruag jazz dawb hauv xyoo 1960 tau txhawb kom muaj kev ywj pheej heev: cov qauv thiab cov qauv sib haum xeeb ib txwm muaj tau raug rhuav tshem, thiab kev tsim kho tau dhau los ua kev ywj pheej thiab kev qhia tawm ntau dua. Ornette Coleman thiab John Coltrane (hauv lawv cov theem) tau dhau los ua cov neeg tseem ceeb. Cov suab paj nruag jazz dawb feem ntau nkag siab tsis yog tsuas yog kev sim suab paj nruag xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev qhia tawm hauv zej zog ntawm lub sijhawm Asmeskas cov cai pej xeem.
Xyoo 1970: Jazz Fusion thiab Kev Sib Yuav nrog Pob Zeb
Xyoo 1970, jazz tau hloov pauv dua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm jazz nrog pob zeb, funk, thiab thev naus laus zis hluav taws xob. Cov twj paj nruag xws li hluav taws xob guitars, synthesizers, thiab hluav taws xob basses tau dhau los ua ib txwm muaj. Funk lub suab nrov thiab kev tsim khoom hauv studio niaj hnub no tau muab nws ib qho saj tshiab. Miles Davis tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua nrog cov haujlwm uas cim qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau lub suab hluav taws xob, uas tom qab ntawd tau cuam tshuam rau ntau pawg fusion.
Kev sib xyaw ua rau cov neeg mloog jazz dav dua, tab sis nws kuj ua rau muaj kev sib cav txog nws "qhov tseeb." Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam li cov theem dhau los, kev sib cav no tau qhia tias jazz yeej ib txwm hloov zuj zus thiab tsis kam txwv rau qhov kev txhais nqaim.
Xyoo 1980 txog rau tam sim no: Kev lig kev cai, kev sim, thiab kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb
Pib xyoo 1980, muaj kev rov qab los ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov qauv ib txwm muaj (feem ntau hu ua neotraditional lossis neo-bop), nrog rau kev tshawb nrhiav niaj hnub no suav nrog hip-hop, suab paj nruag hluav taws xob, thiab cov kab lis kev cai suab paj nruag thoob ntiaj teb. Jazz tsis yog tsuas yog Asmeskas xwb; nws tau dhau los ua ib hom lus thoob ntiaj teb. Cov koob tsheej Jazz tau muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub tebchaws, thiab cov neeg ua suab paj nruag los ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Asia, Africa, thiab txawm tias Latin America tau tsim jazz nrog cov cim hauv zos.
Hauv tebchaws Indonesia, jazz tau tsim los ua ib feem ntawm suab paj nruag hauv nroog thiab kev ua koob tsheej. Ntau tus neeg ua suab paj nruag muab jazz nrog pop, funk, lossis cov ntsiab lus ib txwm muaj. Qhov no sib haum nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm jazz: kev sib tham tas mus li ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev muaj tswv yim niaj hnub no.
Xaus
Keeb kwm ntawm jazz yog keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov pauv, kev sib ntsib kab lis kev cai, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais tawm. Txij li New Orleans mus rau theem thoob ntiaj teb, jazz yeej ib txwm hloov zuj zus: los ntawm blues thiab ragtime, mus rau exuberant swing, mus rau revolutionary bebop, mus rau fusion thiab niaj hnub, cross-genre daim ntawv. Txawm hais tias nws hloov pauv tas li, ib yam tseem nyob hauv plawv ntawm jazz: improvisation ua ib daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tham suab paj nruag - spontaneous, txaus ntshai, thiab tob tib neeg. Jazz tsis yog ib hom ntawv xwb; nws yog ib txoj hauv kev mloog lub ntiaj teb: qhib, dynamic, thiab ib txwm npaj txhij los nrhiav cov cib fim tshiab.
