Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Khoom Siv Nickel Ore thiab Tshuab
Nickel yog ib hom hlau tseem ceeb uas muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam lag luam niaj hnub no. Ntxiv nrog rau kev siv los ua cov hlau tsis xeb, nickel kuj yog ib qho khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov roj teeb tsheb fais fab, cov hlau tshwj xeeb rau kev lag luam aerospace, thiab txawm tias electroplating. Raws li kev thov thoob ntiaj teb nce ntxiv, cov txheej txheem ua nickel ore thiab cov thev naus laus zis tau hloov pauv sai sai los tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog cov qib tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov theem dav dav thiab cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb hauv kev ua nickel ore, los ntawm kev khawb av mus rau kev ua kom huv.
Hom Nickel Ore: Laterite thiab Sulfide
Feem ntau, cov hlau nickel yog muab faib ua ob hom tseem ceeb: laterite nickel ore thiab nickel sulfide ore. Laterite ore yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pob zeb ultramafic hauv thaj chaw sov thiab feem ntau pom nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw. Laterite feem ntau muaj nickel hauv cov zaub mov xws li limonite thiab saprolite. Lub caij no, sulfide ore yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem magmatic thiab muaj nickel hauv cov zaub mov sulfide xws li pentlandite. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov zaub mov no txiav txim siab txog txoj kev ua tiav siv.
Feem ntau cov sulfide ores yooj yim dua los nplua nuj los ntawm cov txheej txheem flotation, thaum cov laterite ores nyuaj dua vim tias nickel tau tawg ua matrix ntawm oxide / hydroxide minerals, yog li ntau yam tau ua tiav los ntawm pyrometallurgical (smelting) lossis high-pressure hydrometallurgical routes.
Cov Theem Pib: Kev Khawb Av thiab Kev Npaj Pob Zeb
Cov txheej txheem ua nickel pib nrog kev khawb av, siv cov txheej txheem khawb av qhib lossis hauv av, nyob ntawm qhov tob thiab hom ntawm qhov chaw tso nyiaj. Tom qab khawb av, cov hlau raug thauj mus rau qhov chaw ua cov kauj ruam npaj, uas feem ntau suav nrog:
1. Kev tsoo: Txo qhov loj ntawm cov hlau kom yooj yim rau kev tuav thiab ua.
2. Kev Sib Tsoo: Tsim cov khoom me me kom ua rau muaj cov zaub mov muaj nqis ntau ntxiv.
3. Kev tshuaj ntsuam thiab kev faib tawm: Cais cov qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej.
4. Kev ziab: Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov pob zeb laterite uas muaj dej ntau, kev ziab yog qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej cov txheej txheem pyrometallurgical.
Theem kev npaj ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej. Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom me me, cov dej noo, thiab qhov sib xws ntawm cov hlau yuav txiav txim siab qhov kev siv hluav taws xob thiab cov nqi rov qab tau nickel.
Kev Siv Tshuab Ua Nickel Sulfide Ore
Rau cov hlau nickel sulfide, txoj kev ua tiav feem ntau yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntxhia thiab kev smelting.
1. Kev Ua Npuas Ncauj (Kev Ua Npuas Ncauj)
Kev ua kom cov pob zeb sib xyaw ua ke yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais cov zaub mov raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw. Cov pob zeb uas tau sib xyaw ua ke yog sib xyaw nrog dej, cov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab huab cua. Cov zaub mov sulfide feem ntau dhau los ua hydrophobic ntau dua tom qab ntxiv cov khoom siv los sau, yog li lawv lo rau cov npuas cua thiab nce ua npuas. Cov npuas no tau rov qab los ua cov khoom siv nplua nuj nickel, thaum cov khoom seem dhau los ua cov khoom seem.
Qhov zoo ntawm kev flotation yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntsiab lus nickel nce ntxiv ua ntej nkag mus rau theem smelting, yog li txo cov zog hauv cov txheej txheem tom ntej.
2. Kev Smelting thiab Kev Hloov Pauv
Cov nickel concentrate ces yaj hauv lub cub tawg kom tsim tau nickel matte—ib theem kua sulfide uas muaj nickel, tooj liab, thiab hlau. Kauj ruam tom ntej yog hloov mus rau oxidize hlau thiab sulfur, ua rau matte nplua nuj hauv nickel. Cov khoom kawg tuaj yeem ua tiav ntxiv rau hauv nickel ntshiab lossis cov khoom nruab nrab xws li nickel sulfate rau roj teeb.
3. Kev Txhim Kho Siab Tshaj Plaws
Kev ua kom zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob lossis cov txheej txheem hydrometallurgical. Hauv qee qhov chaw, matte raug yaj thiab sib cais siv kev xaiv yaj, kev rho tawm cov kuab tshuaj, thiab cov txheej txheem nag los tsim cov khoom zoo.
Kev Siv Tshuab Ua Khoom Siv Nickel Laterite Ore
Cov pob zeb Laterite suav txog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv nickel hauv ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thaj chaw sov. Lawv cov txheej txheem ua yog nyuaj dua thiab feem ntau poob rau hauv ob txoj kev loj: pyrometallurgy thiab hydrometallurgy.
1. Pyrometallurgy: RKEF rau Ferronickel lossis NPI
Ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siv ntau tshaj plaws rau laterite yog Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace (RKEF). Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau siv los tsim ferronickel lossis Nickel Pig Iron (NPI), uas yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam stainless hlau.
Cov theem suav nrog:
– Kev ziab thiab calcination hauv lub qhov cub rotary: Txo cov dej noo thiab tshem tawm cov volatiles. Cov ore raug cua sov thaum sib xyaw nrog cov reductant (feem ntau yog thee) thiab cov flux tshwj xeeb.
– Kev yaj hauv lub cub hluav taws xob: Cov hlau calcined raug yaj ntawm qhov kub siab kom cais cov hlau (hlau-nickel sib xyaw) ntawm cov slag.
- Kev ua kom cov khoom zoo: Cov hlau uas yaj lawm raug pov los yog ua tiav rau hauv cov khoom raws li cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb.
Qhov zoo ntawm RKEF yog nws txoj kev ruaj khov thiab cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov hlau tsis xeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no xav tau lub zog loj thiab feem ntau zoo dua rau cov saprolite ores uas muaj cov nickel ntau.
2. Hydrometallurgy: HPAL rau Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP)
Rau cov limonite ore—uas feem ntau yog qib qis dua tab sis muaj ntau—kev siv tshuab hydrometallurgical feem ntau yog qhov kev xaiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog HPAL (High Pressure Acid Leach).
Hauv HPAL, cov ore yog sib xyaw nrog acid (feem ntau yog sulfuric acid) thiab ua tiav hauv autoclave ntawm qhov kub thiab siab. Cov nickel thiab cobalt yaj hauv cov tshuaj thiab tom qab ntawd raug cais tawm ntawm cov khoom seem khov. Cov nickel thiab cobalt tuaj yeem precipitated rau hauv cov khoom nruab nrab xws li:
– MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate): Cov kua qaub nickel-cobalt sib xyaw hydroxide precipitate.
- MSP (Sulphide Precipitate Sib Xyaws): Cov dej sulfide sib xyaws.
Cov khoom MHP lossis MSP ces tuaj yeem raug ua kom huv si ntxiv rau hauv nickel sulfate thiab cobalt sulfate rau cov khoom siv roj teeb.
Qhov zoo ntawm HPAL yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua cov hlau tsis muaj zog thiab tsim cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv roj teeb. Cov teeb meem suav nrog qhov xav tau cov khoom siv tiv taus xeb, kev tswj cov khoom seem, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab kev siv cov tshuaj reagent.
3. Kev Tshem Tawm Huab Cua thiab Lwm Cov Txheej Txheem
Ntxiv rau HPAL, kuj tseem muaj kev tso pa tawm hauv huab cua ntawm qhov siab qis dua, uas feem ntau muaj qhov nrawm qeeb dua tab sis tuaj yeem yooj yim dua. Kev tshawb fawb kuj tseem tab tom tsim mus rau hauv kev siv bioleaching (siv cov kab mob me me) thiab ua ke cov txheej txheem pyrometallurgical thiab hydrometallurgical los txhim kho kev lag luam.
Cov Khoom Nruab Nrab thiab Cov Khoom Kawg: Los ntawm NPI mus rau Nickel Sulfate
Cov khoom ua los ntawm nickel tsis yog nickel ntshiab tas li. Nyob ntawm seb cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam, cov khoom ua los ntawm nickel muaj xws li:
– NPI thiab ferronickel: Feem ntau rau cov hlau tsis xeb.
– Nickel matte: Ib yam khoom nruab nrab los ntawm lub chaw smelter uas tuaj yeem ua kom huv si ntxiv.
– MHP/MSP: Cov khoom nruab nrab rau kev ua kom nickel-cobalt, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov roj teeb.
– Nickel sulfate (NiSO₄): Ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov roj teeb cathodes.
– Hlau nickel ntshiab: Rau cov hlau sib xyaw tshwj xeeb thiab lwm yam kev siv engineering.
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev ua haujlwm yog txiav txim siab los ntawm hom ore, kev muaj zog, cov nqi reagent, cov khoom siv hauv paus, cov cai ib puag ncig, thiab cov khoom lag luam.
Tej Yam Ib Puag Ncig thiab Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob Zoo
Kev ua nickel muaj cov teeb meem ib puag ncig uas xav tau kev tswj hwm zoo, suav nrog cov pa roj los ntawm pyrometallurgy, kev siv hluav taws xob ntau, kev siv cov kua qaub hauv hydrometallurgy, thiab kev tswj cov tailings thiab slag. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no lub hom phiaj yog txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob kom zoo, siv cov cua sov pov tseg, kho cov dej uas ncig, thiab tswj cov khoom seem kom ruaj khov rau kev nyab xeeb mus sij hawm ntev.
Hauv qee lub tebchaws, kev siv cov qauv ib puag ncig txhawb kom cov lag luam siv cov peev txheej hluav taws xob huv dua, txo cov pa roj carbon dioxide, thiab xyuas kom meej tias muaj kev coj ua hauv kev khawb av thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab uas muaj lub luag haujlwm ntau dua.
Kev kaw
Kev ua cov hlau nickel thiab thev naus laus zis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm hom hlau uas raug ua thiab cov khoom kawg xav tau. Cov hlau sulfide feem ntau raug ua los ntawm kev flotation thiab smelting los tsim cov khoom matte thiab thaum kawg ntshiab nickel lossis tshuaj lom neeg. Lub caij no, cov hlau laterite feem ntau raug ua los ntawm RKEF (Refined Iron Oxide Processing) los tsim ferronickel/NPI lossis HPAL los tsim MHP/MSP, tsim nyog rau kev siv roj teeb. Nrog rau kev thov nickel ntau ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv zog, kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev coj ua kom ruaj khov yog cov yam tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom kev lag luam nickel vam meej thaum txo qis nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig.
