Hom Iav Siv Hauv Kev Tsim Khoom Siv Kho Mob Thiab Khoom Siv Kuaj Mob
Iav yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb kev kho mob thiab chaw kuaj mob. Nws qhov pob tshab, qhov tsis muaj zog rau ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, yooj yim ntxuav, thiab muaj peev xwm tsim ua ntau yam duab meej ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv uas xav tau kev huv thiab raug. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua lub iav muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam. Hauv kev xyaum, kev lag luam xaiv cov hom iav tshwj xeeb raws li lawv cov kev xav tau: kev tiv taus cua sov, kev ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg, lub zog kho tshuab, thiab kev ua kom huv si dua. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov hom iav uas feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv kho mob thiab chaw kuaj mob, nrog rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev siv.
Vim li cas iav thiaj raug xaiv rau cov khoom siv kho mob thiab cov khoom siv hauv chav kuaj mob?
Muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau iav tseem yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws, txawm tias yas thiab hlau kuj siv dav. Ua ntej, iav feem ntau tsis muaj zog rau ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj reagent, cov kuab tshuaj, thiab cov thawv kuaj kab mob. Qhov thib ob, iav tiv taus cov txheej txheem sterilization xws li autoclaving (pas dej siab), cua sov qhuav, thiab kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Qhov thib peb, iav pob tshab tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha - piv txwv li, ntawm cov xim kua, cov av noo, kev ua qias tuaj, lossis kev hloov pauv ntim. Qhov thib plaub, iav tuaj yeem tsim kom nruj me ntsis, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov cuab yeej ntsuas xws li pipettes thiab burettes.
Txawm li cas los xij, iav kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo, xws li nws yooj yim tawg vim muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cua sov (kev hloov pauv kub tam sim ntawd) yog tias siv hom tsis raug. Yog li ntawd, kev xaiv cov iav zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
1. Borosilicate Iav
Iav Borosilicate yog hom iav uas feem ntau siv rau cov khoom siv hauv chav kuaj. Nws muaj silica (SiO₂) nrog rau boron oxide (B₂O₃), uas ua rau nws tiv taus kub thiab tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg.
Keunggulan
- Tiv taus kev poob siab thermal: muaj peev xwm txav mus los ntawm qhov kub mus rau qhov txias yam tsis yooj yim tawg.
- Kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg: tsim nyog rau cov kua qaub, cov hauv paus thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.
- Ruaj khov rau kev ua kom sov: zoo rau kev ua kom sov ncaj qha lossis siv lub phaj kub.
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv
- Beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, test tube, measuring flask, burette, iav pipette.
- Cov fwj tshuaj reagent thiab qee cov thawv ntim kab lis kev cai.
- Cov thoob rau cov tshuaj lom neeg uas xav tau cua sov.
Cov iav Borosilicate feem ntau raug xaiv rau cov cuab yeej uas muaj kev kub-txias ntau zaus thiab xav tau kev ruaj khov mus sij hawm ntev.
2. Iav Dej Qab Zib-Txiv Qaub (Iav Dej Qab Zib)
Cov iav uas muaj cov kua txiv qaub ntsuab yog cov iav uas siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub neej txhua hnub (piv txwv li, iav qhov rai) vim nws tus nqi tsim khoom qis. Nws cov khoom sib xyaw feem ntau yog silica nrog rau sodium oxide (Na₂O) thiab calcium oxide (CaO). Cov iav no tseem siv rau hauv kev kho mob, tab sis tsis yog rau txhua daim ntawv thov.
Keunggulan
- Pheej yig thiab yooj yim rau kev ua duab: tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom ntau.
- Kev pom tseeb zoo: ua rau kev tshuaj xyuas pom yooj yim.
Cov kev txwv
- Kev tiv thaiv thermal poob siab qis dua li borosilicate.
– Kev tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg nruab nrab: tej zaum yuav yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm qee cov tshuaj yog tias siv ntev.
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv
- Cov thawv iav siv ib zaug xwb los yog siv tsawg zaus.
- Qee lub raj mis thiab cov thawv uas tsis tseem ceeb.
– Tej lub tsom iav uas muaj cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb (txawm hais tias ntau lub tsom iav niaj hnub no siv cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws).
Hauv chav kuaj mob, feem ntau cov kua txiv qaub ntsuab tsis raug xaiv rau kev ua kom sov hnyav lossis siv ntau zaus nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg hnyav.
3. Iav Aluminosilicate
Cov iav aluminosilicate muaj alumina (Al₂O₃) ntxiv rau silica, uas ua rau lub zog kho tshuab thiab tiv taus kub siab. Hom no feem ntau siv thaum xav tau kev tiv taus kub thiab lub zog zoo dua.
Keunggulan
- Muaj zog dua li borosilicate nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej.
- Kev tiv taus kub siab: tsim rau cov ntawv thov hnyav dua.
- Tiv taus khawb ntau dua: muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov chaw uas feem ntau kov lwm yam khoom siv.
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv
- Qee cov khoom siv ntawm cov cuab yeej tshuaj ntsuam xyuas raug cua sov.
- Cov khoom siv iav ntawm qee cov cuab yeej siv hauv chav kuaj thiab cov khoom siv kho qhov muag.
- Cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb uas xav tau kev ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub siab.
Cov iav aluminosilicate kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, suav nrog cov khoom uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv lub cev siab.
4. Cov Iav Quartz (Fused Silica / Cov Iav Quartz)
Cov iav quartz, lossis fused silica, muaj cov silica ntau heev (yuav luag ntshiab). Qhov no ua rau nws tiv taus cua sov thiab lub teeb ci ntsa iab, suav nrog hauv qhov ntau ntawm ultraviolet (UV), uas cov iav ib txwm tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau zoo.
Keunggulan
- Kev tiv taus kub heev: muaj peev xwm tiv taus kub ntau dua li borosilicate.
- Kev sib kis UV zoo: tseem ceeb rau UV spectrophotometry thiab photochemical daim ntawv thov.
- Kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg zoo: txawm hais tias tseem yuav tsum tau ceev faj rau qee cov ntaub ntawv xws li HF (hydrofluoric acid) uas tuaj yeem tawm tsam silica.
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv
- Quartz cuvette rau UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
- Cov raj lossis cov khoom hauv cov khoom siv uas siv UV, xws li UV sterilization lossis qee qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam photometric.
- Cov khoom siv uas xav tau cua sov siab heev thiab ruaj khov.
Vim tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab cov khoom siv raw kim dua, quartz iav feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.
5. Cov iav txhuas
Cov iav txhuas muaj cov txhuas oxide (PbO), uas ua rau nws muaj qhov ceev ceev thiab muaj peev xwm nqus tau hluav taws xob. Hauv cov ntsiab lus kho mob, nws siv yog qhov tshwj xeeb dua: kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob.
Keunggulan
- Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob: txo qis kev raug hluav taws xob X-rays lossis qee yam hluav taws xob.
- Pob tshab: tso cai rau kev saib xyuas thaum tseem muaj kev tiv thaiv.
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv
- Cov qhov rai tiv thaiv hauv chav kuaj mob.
- Kev tiv thaiv pob tshab rau cov khoom siv uas tso tawm hluav taws xob.
Kev siv cov iav uas muaj cov hlau txhuas yuav tsum xav txog kev nyab xeeb thiab kev cai lij choj, suav nrog kev tswj cov khib nyiab yog tias yuav tsum tau hloov cov khoom siv.
6. Iav Tshwj Xeeb rau Cov Tshuaj Ampoules thiab Vials (Iav Ntim)
Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, iav rau kev ntim khoom xws li ampoules, vials txhaj tshuaj, thiab cov fwj tshuaj sterile yog raws li cov qauv nruj. Cov iav uas tiv taus hydrolytic siab feem ntau yog siv vim tias cov ntim khoom kov ncaj qha rau cov tshuaj thiab yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ionic.
Keunggulan
- Kev ruaj khov siab rau dej thiab cov kua dej (hydrolytic).
- Txo cov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov ntim khoom, pab tswj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj.
- Haum rau kev ua kom huv thiab cov txheej txheem aseptic filling.
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv
- Cov ampoules txhaj tshuaj, cov fwj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, qee cov fwj tshuaj infusion, cov cartridges rau cov khoom siv txhaj tshuaj.
Hauv kev xyaum, iav rau kev ntim tshuaj raug faib ua pawg raws li nws qhov kev tiv taus hydrolytic thiab kev kho qhov chaw. Kev xaiv hom yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj (pH, cov ntsev, cov protein, thiab kev rhiab heev ntawm ion).
Cov Kev Xav Txog Kev Xaiv Iav Rau Cov Khoom Siv Kho Mob Thiab Cov Khoom Siv Kuaj Mob
Kev xaiv iav tsis yog hais txog seb nws "resistant kub" lossis "meej." Nov yog qee yam tseem ceeb uas feem ntau qhia koj qhov kev xaiv:
1. Kev tiv taus kev poob siab kub: tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv uas feem ntau raug cua sov thiab tom qab ntawd txias, piv txwv li cov fwj tshuaj thiab cov fwj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
2. Kev tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg: txiav txim siab seb lub thawv puas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov kua qaub muaj zog, cov hauv paus muaj zog, lossis qee cov kuab tshuaj.
3. Cov kev xav tau ntawm qhov muag: rau cov cuab yeej siv los ntsuas, qhov meej thiab kev sib kis ntawm qee qhov wavelengths (xws li UV) yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
4. Lub zog kho tshuab: cov cuab yeej uas feem ntau raug tsiv, ntxuav, lossis clamped yuav tsum tau iav uas tiv taus khawb thiab cuam tshuam ntau dua.
5. Kev tua kab mob thiab kev huv: cov chaw yuav tsum yooj yim ntxuav thiab tsis yooj yim nqus cov pa phem.
6. Cov Qauv thiab cov cai: cov khoom siv kho mob thiab cov ntim tshuaj yuav tsum ua tau raws li cov qauv kev lag luam txog kev nyab xeeb thiab kev sib xws.
Kev kaw
Iav tseem yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv kho mob thiab cov khoom siv hauv chaw kuaj mob vim nws muaj ntau yam khoom sib xyaw ua ke: pob tshab, tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, thiab muaj peev xwm tiv taus ntau yam kev tua kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, hom iav siv txiav txim siab qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv. Iav Borosilicate nrov tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv hauv chaw kuaj mob dav dav vim nws tiv taus cua sov thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Iav soda-lime siv rau hauv kev siv yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua. Aluminosilicate thiab quartz yog qhov nyiam rau qhov kub siab thiab kev siv kho qhov muag tshwj xeeb, thaum iav txhuas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob. Rau cov ntim tshuaj xws li ampoules thiab vials, iav nrog kev tiv taus hydrolytic siab yog tus qauv.
Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua hom iav, cov chaw soj nstuam, cov chaw kho mob, thiab kev lag luam tshuaj tuaj yeem xaiv cov khoom siv uas tsim nyog dua, muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab ruaj khov dua - thaum tswj hwm qhov zoo ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus neeg siv.
