Yuav Ua Li Cas Xam Elasticity: Ib Daim Ntawv Qhia Tag Nrho
Kev ywj pheej yog ib lub tswv yim tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam uas ntsuas qhov kev teb ntawm ib qho hloov pauv rau lwm qhov. Lo lus no feem ntau siv rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam, xws li kev ywj pheej ntawm kev thov, kev ywj pheej ntawm kev muab khoom, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Tsab xov xwm no yuav piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas xam kev ywj pheej thiab nws daim ntawv thov hauv ntau yam kev lag luam.
Nkag Siab Txog Kev Hloov Pauv
Kev ywj pheej yog ib qho kev ntsuas seb tus nqi hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam puas cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lwm tus nqi. Hauv kev suav lej, kev ywj pheej yog txhais tias yog feem pua ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv ib tus nqi uas tshwm sim los ntawm feem pua ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lwm tus nqi. Kev ywj pheej tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo lossis tsis zoo nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob tus nqi.
Hom Kev Tawm Tsam
Muaj ntau hom kev ywj pheej uas feem ntau tham txog hauv kev lag luam :
1. Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Tus Nqi (PED) - Ntsuas qhov kev teb ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom xav tau rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom ntawd.
2. Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Tus Nqi (PES) - Ntsuas qhov kev teb ntawm cov khoom muag rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi.
3. Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Cov Nyiaj Tau Los (YED) - Ntsuas qhov kev teb ntawm kev thov rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
4. Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Kev Xav Tau (CED) - Ntsuas qhov kev teb ntawm kev xav tau rau ib yam khoom rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm lwm yam khoom.
Cov Qauv Dav Dav rau Kev Xam Elasticity
Rau txhua hom elasticity, cov mis dav dav yog:
\[ E = \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Ntau}}{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Cuam Tshuam}} \]
Qhov twg:
-\(E\) yog elasticity.
- \% Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Ntau yog feem pua kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nyiaj xav tau lossis muab.
- \% Kev Hloov Pauv Hauv Qhov Sib Txawv Ua Rau Muaj Peev Xwm tuaj yeem yog tus nqi, cov nyiaj tau los, lossis tus nqi ntawm lwm yam khoom.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Xam Tus Nqi Elasticity ntawm Kev Xav Tau
Tus nqi elasticity ntawm kev thov yog xam los ntawm kev siv cov mis:
\[ PED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Qhov Muaj Nqi} }{ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Tus Nqi}} \right| \]
Nov yog cov kauj ruam:
1. Xam Qhov Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Ntau: Rho qhov ntau thawj ntawm qhov ntau tshiab, tom qab ntawd faib qhov sib txawv los ntawm qhov ntau thawj. Tom qab ntawd, muab 100 npaug kom tau txais feem pua.
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Hauv Qhov Ntau} = \frac{\text{Qhov Ntau Tshiab} – \text{Qhov Ntau Pib}}{\text{Qhov Ntau Pib}} \times 100 \]
2. Xam Tus Nqi Hloov: Rho tus nqi qub tawm ntawm tus nqi tshiab, faib qhov sib txawv los ntawm tus nqi qub, thiab muab 100 ntxiv rau.
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Tus Nqi} = \frac{\text{Tus Nqi Tshiab} – \text{Tus Nqi Qub}}{\text{Tus Nqi Qub}} \times 100 \]
3. Sau rau hauv PED Formula:
\[ PED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Qhov Muaj Nqi} }{ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Tus Nqi}} \right| \]
Piv txwv:
Yog tias tus nqi khoom nce ntxiv ntawm Rp. 100.000 txog Rp. 120.000 thiab qhov ntau ntawm kev thov txo qis ntawm 50 units mus rau 40 units, ces:
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Hauv Qhov Ntau} = \frac{40 – 50}{50} \times 100 = -20\% \]
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Tus Nqi} = \frac{120.000 – 100.000}{100.000} \times 100 = 20\% \]
\[ PED = \left| \frac{-20}{20} \right| = 1 \]
Yuav Ua Li Cas Xam Tus Nqi Elasticity ntawm Kev Muab Khoom
Tus nqi elasticity ntawm cov khoom siv yog xam siv cov mis zoo ib yam li PED:
\[ PES = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Cov Khoom Muab Los Ntawm}}{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Tus Nqi}} \right| \]
Cov Kauj Ruam:
1. Xam qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntau uas tau muab raws li ua ntej.
2. Xam tus nqi hloov pauv li ua ntej.
3. Sau rau hauv tus qauv PES.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Xam Cov Nyiaj Tau Los Elasticity ntawm Kev Xav Tau
Cov nyiaj tau los elasticity ntawm kev thov yog xam los ntawm kev siv cov mis:
\[ YED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Qhov Xav Tau}}{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Cov Nyiaj Tau Los}} \right| \]
Cov kauj ruam:
1. Xam Qhov Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Ntau raws li cov kauj ruam hauv PED.
2. Xam Qhov Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Cov Nyiaj Tau Los: Rho cov nyiaj tau los pib ntawm cov nyiaj tau los tshiab, faib qhov sib txawv los ntawm cov nyiaj tau los pib, thiab muab 100 ntxiv rau.
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Nyiaj Tau Los} = \frac{\text{Cov Nyiaj Tau Los Tshiab} - \text{Cov Nyiaj Tau Los Pib}}{\text{Cov Nyiaj Tau Los Pib}} \times 100 \]
3. Sau rau hauv YED Formula:
\[ YED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Qhov Ntau} }{ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Ntawm Cov Nyiaj Tau Los}} \right| \]
Piv txwv:
Yog tias cov nyiaj tau los cov neeg siv khoom tau nce ntxiv los ntawm Rp. 10.000.000 mus rau Rp. 12.000.000 thiab Qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm ib yam khoom uas xav tau nce ntxiv ntawm 40 units mus rau 50 units, ces:
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv Hauv Qhov Ntau} = \frac{50 – 40}{40} \times 100 = 25\% \]
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Nyiaj Tau Los} = \frac{12.000.000 – 10.000.000}{10.000.000} \times 100 = 20\% \]
\[ YED = \left| \frac{25}{20} \right| = 1,25 \]
Yuav Ua Li Cas Xam Tau Cross Elasticity of Demand
Cross elasticity ntawm kev thov yog xam los ntawm kev siv cov mis:
\[ CED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Xav Tau ntawm Khoom Zoo X}}{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Tus Nqi ntawm Khoom Zoo Y}} \right| \]
Cov kauj ruam:
1. Xam Qhov Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Ntau (ntawm yam khoom X) raws li cov kauj ruam hauv PED.
2. Xam Tus Nqi Hloov (khoom Y) raws li cov kauj ruam hauv PED.
3. Sau rau hauv CED Formula:
\[ CED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Cov Khoom X}}{\%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Tus Nqi Khoom Y}} \right| \]
Piv txwv:
Yog tias tus nqi ntawm cov khoom zoo Y nce ntawm Rp. 50.000 mus rau Rp. 60.000 thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom zoo X nce ntawm 30 units mus rau 35 units, ces:
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Qhov Zoo X} = \frac{35 – 30}{30} \times 100 = 16,67\% \]
\[ \%\ \text{Kev Hloov Tus Nqi Khoom Y} = \frac{60.000 – 50.000}{50.000} \times 100 = 20\% \]
\[ CED = \left| \frac{16,67}{20} \right| = 0,83 \]
Kev Txhais Lus ntawm Elasticity
Elasticity yog xam ua tus nqi kiag li, tab sis cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem txhais tau ntau txoj hauv kev:
1. Elastic (>1): Ib feem pua loj ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hloov pauv uas xav tau lossis muab los teb rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hloov pauv causal. Piv txwv li, yog tias PED = 2, kev hloov pauv 10% ntawm tus nqi yuav hloov qhov ntau ntawm qhov xav tau los ntawm 20%.
2. Inelastic (<1): Kev teb sai dua, txhais tau tias muaj feem pua me me ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov hloov pauv uas xav tau lossis muab txawm tias muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hloov pauv ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam. Piv txwv li, yog tias PED = 0,5, kev hloov pauv 10% ntawm tus nqi tsuas yog hloov qhov ntau ntawm qhov xav tau los ntawm 5%.
3. Chav Elastic (1): Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi cuam tshuam rau qhov ntau uas xav tau lossis muab rau hauv tib qho feem. Piv txwv li, PED = 1 txhais tau tias kev hloov pauv 10% ntawm tus nqi ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv 10% ntawm qhov ntau uas xav tau.
Xaus
Kev ywj pheej yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntau yam kev lag luam . Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas xam ntau hom kev ywj pheej, txawm tias tus nqi ywj pheej ntawm kev thov, tus nqi ywj pheej ntawm kev muab khoom, kev ywj pheej ntawm kev thov nyiaj tau los, lossis kev ywj pheej hla, peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua lag luam rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hloov pauv tshwj xeeb. Kev paub no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txiav txim siab txog kev lag luam , ob qho tib si ntawm tus kheej thiab lub koom haum, thiab tuaj yeem muab kev nkag siab tob dua txog kev ua lag luam ua haujlwm li cas.
