Nā hoʻohana o ka Gallium Metal i ka ʻenehana Semiconductor
He metala ʻo Gallium i kani paha he mea kamaʻāina ʻole i kekahi poʻe, akā he kuleana koʻikoʻi kona i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou. Ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kelepona akamai, nā pūnaewele 5G, nā kukui LED, nā panela solar, a me nā mea kamaʻilio ukali, he mea nui ka gallium e hiki ai i nā mea semiconductor ke hana wikiwiki, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka kūpaʻa i kekahi mau kūlana ma mua o nā mea kuʻuna. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka metala gallium i ka ʻenehana semiconductor, no ke aha he mea nui kēia mea, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna mau noi i nā mea uila like ʻole.
Ka ʻike ʻana i ka gallium a me kona mau waiwai kumu
He mea kemika ʻo Gallium (Ga) me ka helu atomika 31. He mea hoihoi loa ka waiwai kū hoʻokahi o Gallium: he haʻahaʻa kona kiko heheʻe, ma kahi o 29,7°C, e hiki ai ke heheʻe i loko o ka lima i ka mahana o ke kino. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ke ʻano o nā semiconductors, ʻo ka mea nui loa ʻaʻole kēia waiwai "heheʻe", akā, ʻo kona hiki ke hana i nā hui semiconducting me nā ʻano uila a me nā ʻano optical kiʻekiʻe.
He mea hui 13 (triel) ʻo Gallium, a hui pinepine ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka arsenic (As), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), a i ʻole indium (In) e hana i nā mea semiconductor i kapa ʻia he semiconductors hui. ʻOkoʻa kēia mau mea mai ka silicon, he semiconductor elemental. Hāʻawi nā semiconductors hui i nā wikiwiki electron kiʻekiʻe, ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mālamalama, a me ka hana kūpono ma nā alapine kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO Gallium ma ke ʻano he mea nui i nā semiconductors hui
I ka ʻenehana semiconductor, ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka gallium ma ke ʻano he metala maʻemaʻe. Aia kona waiwai nui i nā hui i hana ʻia, ʻoiai:
1. Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
2. Gallium nitride (GaN)
3. Gallium phosphide (GaP)
4. ʻIndium gallium nitride (InGaN)
5. ʻO ka alumini gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) a me nā mea like
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui kahi "pōmaikaʻi kūikawā" no kekahi mau noi, mai nā hāmeʻa RF (alapine lekiō), optoelectronics, a hiki i nā mea uila mana.
1) Gallium arsenide (GaAs): ke kumu o nā polokalamu RF a me nā mea kamaʻilio
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana kaulana loa o ka gallium ʻo ia ke ʻano he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o GaAs, kahi mea semiconductor me ka neʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka electron. ʻO ke neʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka electron ʻo ia hoʻi hiki i nā mea lawe ukana ke neʻe wikiwiki ma o ka mea, e ʻae ana i nā mea hana e hana ma nā alapine kiʻekiʻe a me ka walaʻau haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka silicon i kekahi mau noi.
Nā noi GaAs maʻamau:
- Hoʻonui hōʻailona RF ma nā kelepona paʻalima a me nā polokalamu uea ʻole
Nui nā modula amplifier mana i nā kelepona hanauna mua a me kekahi mau noi kūikawā e hoʻohana iā GaAs ma muli o kona pono i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hōʻailona lekiō.
- Nā kamaʻilio radar a me nā ukali
Pono nā mea hana alapine (frequency) kiʻekiʻe e like me ka radar, ka lekiō microwave, a me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ukali i nā mea paʻa a wikiwiki hoʻi.
– Nā mea hana microwave a me nā nalu millimeter
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo GaAs no nā ʻāpana e hana ana ma ka pae GHz a i nā ʻumi o GHz, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio a me nā ʻōnaehana sensor.
Loaʻa i nā GaAs nā pono koʻikoʻi i kekahi mau noi optical ma muli o kona mau waiwai bandgap e kākoʻo ana i nā hoʻololi electron kūpono e hana a hopu paha i ka mālamalama ma nā nalu kikoʻī.
2) Gallium nitride (GaN): he kipi i ka mana a me 5G
I loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua lilo ʻo GaN i hoʻokahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi loa i ka ʻoihana semiconductor hou. He ākea ka bandgap o GaN, e hiki ai iā ia ke hana ma nā voltages kiʻekiʻe, nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kahua uila ikaika ma mua o ka silicon. ʻO kēia ka mea e kūpono ai ʻo GaN no nā mea uila mana a me nā mea RF mana kiʻekiʻe.
Nā hoʻohana nui o GaN:
- Mea hoʻololi hoʻouka wikiwiki a me ka lako mana kūpono
Hiki ke hoʻolilo ʻia nā mea hoʻoili GaN i mea liʻiliʻi a māmā hoʻi no ka mea ʻo ka pono kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi ana i ka wela a ʻae i nā hoʻolālā me nā alapine hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe.
– Nā mea hoʻololi mana a me nā mea hoʻololi mana
Ke hoʻomaka nei ka hoʻohana ʻana iā GaN i nā noi kaʻa, nā kikowaena ʻikepili, a me nā ʻōnaehana ikehu hou, ʻo ia hoʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana.
– Nā polokalamu RF no 4G/5G
Ma nā kikowaena kahua 5G, ua koho nui ʻia ʻo GaN no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻopuka i ka mana RF kiʻekiʻe me ka pono maikaʻi, he mea nui loa ia no ka laulā hoʻoili a me ke kūpaʻa.
I nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi, kōkua ʻo GaN i nā hāmeʻa e hana "ʻoi aku ka ikaika" akā e mau ana ka pono, i hiki ai ke hoʻemi ʻia ka ikehu i hoʻonele ʻia e like me ka wela.
3) Gallium i nā LED a me nā ʻenehana kukui hou
I ka wā e pili ana i nā LED keʻokeʻo i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kukui home, nā hōʻike kelepona paʻalima, a i ʻole nā kukui kaʻa, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko gallium. ʻO nā mea e like me InGaN (indium gallium nitride) ke kī i ka hana ʻana i ke kukui polū a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika. A laila hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ke kukui polū me nā phosphors e hana i nā LED keʻokeʻo.
Ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka gallium i nā LED:
– ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikehu ma mua o nā kukui incandescent a i ʻole fluorescent
– Ola lōʻihi no ka mea he mau ʻāpana paʻa nā LED
- ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kukui a me ka kaohi kala ma nā pale a me nā kukui hoʻonaninani
Me ka ʻole o nā semiconductors i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka gallium, inā ua lohi loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā LED hou, a ʻaʻole paha e kiʻekiʻe ka pono o ke kukui ʻana o kēia manawa e like me kēia lā.
4) Gallium no nā pūnaewele solar hana kiʻekiʻe
He mea nui nō hoʻi ʻo Gallium i ka ʻenehana kelepona solar—ʻoi aku hoʻi nā kelepona solar hana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i nā satelite a i ʻole nā noi kūikawā. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana iā GaAs a me kāna mau mea hoʻohui, e like me InGaP/GaAs/Ge, i nā kelepona solar multi-junction.
No ke aha he maikaʻi ka gallium no kekahi mau pūnaewele solar?
- Ka pono hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe
- Kūpaʻa i ka radiation, he mea nui no nā wahi ākea
- Paʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, e like me nā loli o ka mahana a me ka ikaika o ka mālamalama
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā cell solar Silicon no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana ma muli o ko lākou kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā cell solar gallium i nā noi e pono ai ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa, e like me nā satelite, nā mokulele mokulele, a me kekahi mau ʻōnaehana koa.
5) Gallium i nā diode laser a me nā kamaʻilio optical
Hoʻohana ʻia nā hui e like me AlGaAs a me InGaN i nā diode laser no kahi ākea o nā nalu. He mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā diode laser i loko o:
- Nā mea pāʻani optical a me ka mālama ʻana (ma kekahi mau ʻenehana)
– Nā ʻōnaehana ana ʻoihana a me nā ʻōnaehana sensor
– Kamaʻilio optical pōkole
– Nā lako lapaʻau a me nā mea hana keʻena hoʻokolohua
Pono nā lasers semiconductor i nā mea i hiki ke hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama me ka maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko Gallium no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hana i nā ʻano heterojunction e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mālamalama (lasing).
No ke aha e ʻole ai ka silicone wale nō?
ʻO Silicon ke aliʻi no nā IC kikohoʻe e like me nā mea hana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ma muli o kona ʻōnaehana hana paʻa, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me ka hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe loa. Eia nō naʻe, no kekahi mau pono—e like me nā alapine lekiō kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kukui kūpono, a i ʻole ka hoʻololi mana voltage kiʻekiʻe—ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea i hana ʻia me ka gallium.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo:
- ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o GaAs a me RF
- ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o GaN i ka mana kiʻekiʻe, ka mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana.
– ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o InGaN/GaN i nā LED a me kekahi mau optoelectronics
Nā pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka gallium i ka ʻoihana
Me kona pono, he mau pilikia ko ka gallium:
– Loaʻa a me ke kaulahao hoʻolako: ʻo ka gallium ma ke ʻano maʻamau he huahana ia o ka bauxite (aluminium) a i ʻole ka hana ʻana o ka zinc, no laila e hilinaʻi ana kona lako i nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
– Nā kumukūʻai wafer a me ka hana ʻana: ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā wafer GaAs a i ʻole GaN ma mua o nā wafer silicon.
– Hoʻohui ʻia me ka ʻenehana silicon: ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana gallium me nā kaapuni silicon e pono ai nā ʻenehana hoʻopili a me ka hoʻolālā paʻakikī.
Eia nō naʻe, ke hōʻike nei nā ʻano o kēia manawa i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā semiconductors gallium-based i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pono no ka pono o ka ikehu a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe e lilo i mea nui, ʻoiai i ka wā o 5G, nā kaʻa uila, a me nā kikowaena ʻikepili.
Ka hopena
He ākea a koʻikoʻi hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka metala Gallium i ka ʻenehana semiconductor. Ma o nā hui e like me GaAs a me GaN, hiki i ka gallium ke hoʻohana i nā polokalamu RF alapine kiʻekiʻe, nā LED mālama ikehu, nā diode laser, a me nā mea hoʻololi mana hou. He kuleana ko Gallium i nā cell solar hana kiʻekiʻe no ka lewa a me nā noi kaiapuni koʻikoʻi. ʻOiai ke kumukūʻai a me nā pilikia kaulahao lako, ʻo ka pono o ka ʻoihana no nā mea semiconductor hana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻolilo i ka gallium i mea koʻikoʻi i ke kumu o ka ʻenehana uila o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i kahi kaila naʻauao (me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi), kahi kaila kaulana no nā blog, a i ʻole kahi mana lōʻihi me nā ʻāpana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia ma GaN no nā mea hoʻoili wikiwiki a me 5G.
