Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka iʻa kai a me ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe
ʻO ka iʻa kekahi o nā kumu protein holoholona i hoʻopau nui ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. Ma Indonesia, nui loa nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole ma muli o kona mau kūlana honua e pili ana i nā moana nui, nā muliwai, nā loko, nā ʻūpā, a me nā loko. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā iʻa ma muli o ko lākou wahi noho, ʻo ia hoʻi ka iʻa kai a me ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe. ʻOiai ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea ʻelua i loko o ka hui holoholona wai, he ʻokoʻa maopopo nā mea ʻelua ma nā ʻano he nui—mai ko lākou wahi noho, nā kaʻina hana hoʻololi kino, nā ʻano ʻono, a hiki i ka waiwai meaʻai a me nā ʻano hana. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka iʻa kai a me ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe e maʻalahi ai i ka poʻe heluhelu ke koho i ke ʻano iʻa e kūpono i kā lākou mau pono.
1. ʻOkoʻa ma waena o ka Habitat a me ke Kaiapuni
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui loa ma ko lākou wahi noho. Noho nā iʻa kai i nā wai paʻakai me ka paʻakai kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā moana, nā kai, a me nā wai kahakai. ʻO ka paʻakai awelika o ka wai kai ma kahi o 3,5% (35‰), ʻoiai hiki ke loli kēia ma muli o ka ʻāina a me ka hohonu.
I kēia manawa, noho nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe i nā wai me ka paʻakai haʻahaʻa loa, e like me nā muliwai, nā loko, nā waihona wai, nā ʻauwaʻa, a me nā loko. ʻOi aku ka paʻakai o ka wai maʻemaʻe ma lalo o 0,5‰. ʻOi aku ka loli o nā wahi iʻa wai maʻemaʻe; no ka laʻana, hiki ke loli nui ka mahana a me ka turbidity ma muli o ka ua, ke kahe o ka muliwai, a i ʻole nā loli o ke kau. Noho nā iʻa kai i nā kūlana paʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke kai hohonu, ʻoiai ua hoʻopilikia ʻia nā wahi kahakai e ke kai a me ka haumia.
2. Nā ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kino (Osmoregulation)
ʻO nā hoʻololi kino kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia e ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Pono nā iʻa e mālama i ke kaulike o nā wai a me nā paʻakai i loko o ko lākou kino. I loko o nā iʻa kai, ʻoi aku ka paʻakai o ka wai a puni ma mua o ko lākou mau wai kino. No laila, nalowale pinepine nā iʻa kai i ka wai ma o ka osmosis. No ka lanakila ʻana i kēia, inu nā iʻa kai i ka nui o ka wai kai a hoʻokuʻu i ka paʻakai keu ma o ko lākou mau ʻūhā, e hana ana i ka mimi liʻiliʻi.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, noho nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe i kahi ʻano "dilute" ma mua o ko lākou mau wai kino. ʻO ka hopena, komo mau ka wai i loko o ke kino o ka iʻa. ʻAʻole pono nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe e inu nui. Akā, hoʻokuʻu lākou i ka wai keu ma o ka mimi nui a ʻoi aku ka dilute a omo i ka paʻakai mai ke kaiapuni ma o ko lākou mau ʻūhā a ma o ka meaʻai.
He mea nui kēia ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hana no ka mea e hōʻike ana he ʻōnaehana kino ko nā iʻa kai a me nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no ko lākou mau wahi noho. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā iʻa kai i ka wai maʻemaʻe (a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe) me ka ʻole o nā kaʻina hana hoʻololi kūikawā a me ka ʻenehana e hoʻoulu pinepine i ke kaumaha a me ka make.
3. Nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano a me nā laʻana o ka iʻa
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā iʻa kai e noho ana ma nā wai ākea a i ʻole nā wahi kahakai. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā iʻa kai kaulana ma Indonesia ʻo ia ka tuna, skipjack tuna, skipjack tuna, red snapper, grouper, mackerel, sardines, mackerel, pompano, a me trevally. Noho pū kekahi iʻa kokoke i nā koʻa coral, kahi e ʻoi aku ka ʻōlinolino o nā waihoʻoluʻu.
Ua mahi nui ʻia nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi o ka mahi ʻana i loko o nā loko, nā pā manu, a i ʻole nā loko wai maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā laʻana e like me ka catfish, tilapia, mujair, gourami, carp, patin, snakehead, climbing perch, a me ka pompano wai maʻemaʻe. Loaʻa pū kekahi ʻano like ʻole o ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe, me nā ʻano endemic ma kekahi mau wahi.
4. Nā ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo, ka ʻala, a me ka ʻono
Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui he ʻono ʻono a ʻala kūikawā ko ka iʻa paʻakai, ʻoiai i kekahi manawa he ʻala "lepo" a "lepo" paha ko ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe. ʻAʻole paʻa loa kēia ʻokoʻa, akā pinepine ia ma muli o ka nohona a me ka ʻai.
ʻAi pinepine nā iʻa wai paʻakai i nā meaola kai e like me ka plankton, nā crustaceans liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka nui o ka mineral i loko o ke kai ke hoʻololi i kona ʻono, e ʻono ai i ka paʻakai a me ka ʻono ʻoiai me ka ʻole o ka nui o nā mea ʻala. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o kekahi mau iʻa wai paʻakai—e like me ka tuna a me ka mackerel—he mānoanoa a he fibrous.
ʻO nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai nā mea i mahi ʻia i loko o nā loko lepo a i ʻole ka wai paʻa, hiki ke omo i kekahi mau mea mai ke kaiapuni, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i kahi ʻala "lepo". Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻēmi ʻia kēia ma o ka mālama pono ʻana i ka loko, ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana, a i ʻole nā ʻano hana e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lime, ke kinikini, a me nā mea ʻala. Ma ke ʻano, ʻoi aku ka palupalu a me ka momona o kekahi mau iʻa wai maʻemaʻe, e like me ka catfish, ʻoiai he ʻiʻo mānoanoa a me nā olonā ikaika ka gourami.
5. Nā ʻokoʻa o ka ʻike meaʻai
Ma keʻano laulā, he nui nā meaʻai i loko o ka iʻa paʻakai a me ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe: waiwai i ka protein, nā huaora (e like me ka huaora D a me kekahi mau huaora B), a me nā minelala. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano i kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia:
– Omega-3: Ua ʻike ʻia he nui nā iʻa kai, ʻoiai nā iʻa kai hohonu e like me ka sālemona, nā sardine, ka mackerel, a me ka tuna, he waiwai nui i nā omega-3 fatty acids (EPA a me DHA) he mea maikaʻi ia no ke olakino o ka puʻuwai a me ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo.
– Momona: He momona nō hoʻi kekahi mau iʻa wai maʻemaʻe e like me ka iʻa kolo, akā hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ko lākou momona a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka omega-3 ma mua o kekahi mau iʻa wai paʻakai, ʻaʻole naʻe i nā manawa a pau.
– Nā Minerala: ʻOi aku ka nui o nā minerala i loko o nā iʻa wai paʻakai (e like me ka iodine) ma muli o ke kaiapuni kai waiwai i nā minerala.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka waiwai o ka meaʻai e ke ʻano o ka iʻa, ka makahiki, ka meaʻai, a me nā ʻano mahiʻai. Hiki i nā tilapia i hānai ʻia me ka ʻai i kāohi ʻia ke loaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ʻo nā iʻa kai i hopu ʻia mai nā wahi kikoʻī e ʻokoʻa paha i kā lākou ʻike meaʻai.
6. Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pilikia haumia a me ka palekana o ka hoʻohana ʻana
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano iʻa nā pilikia e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia. Hiki i nā iʻa wai paʻakai ke pilikia i nā metala kaumaha e like me ka mercury, ʻoiai nā iʻa ʻaihue nui a ola lōʻihi (e like me kekahi tuna nui a me ka iʻa pahi kaua). No laila, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau hui, e like me nā wahine hāpai a me nā keiki, e koho i nā iʻa me nā pae mercury haʻahaʻa a e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o kā lākou ʻāpana.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe i nā pilikia maikaʻi o ka wai i ka mahi ʻana. Inā haumia nā loko a maikaʻi ʻole ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai a me ka maʻemaʻe, hiki i nā iʻa ke hoʻomohala i kahi pilau a lawe paha i kekahi mau microorganism. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka mahi ʻana i kēia manawa a mālama pono ʻia ke hoʻohua i nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe palekana a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi.
ʻO ke kumu nui: ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo wale ʻia ka palekana o ka iʻa e ka mea mai ke kai a i ʻole ka wai maʻemaʻe, akā, ma muli o kona kumu, nā ʻano lawelawe ʻana, a me ka maʻemaʻe o ke kaulahao hoʻolaha.
7. Nā ʻokoʻa kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa ʻana
ʻOi aku ka paʻa o nā kumukūʻai o nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe ma ka mākeke no ka mea hiki ke hana ʻia nā lako i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa ma o ka mahiʻai home. ʻO nā iʻa e like me ka catfish, tilapia, a me ka pangasius he maʻalahi ke loaʻa a kūpono hoʻi ke kumukūʻai.
Hiki ke loli hou ke kumukūʻai o nā iʻa kai paʻakai ma muli o nā kau lawaiʻa, ke aniau, nā nalu, nā kumukūʻai wahie, a me ka mamao ma waena o nā awa a me nā mākeke. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā wahi kahakai, hiki ke emi ke kumukūʻai a ʻoi aku ka hou o ka iʻa kai paʻakai ma mua o ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe.
8. Nā ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano hana maʻamau
Hoʻomākaukau pinepine ʻia nā iʻa kai ma ke kālua ʻana, ka pūlehu ʻana, ka puhi ʻana, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā pepes (iʻa mahu) a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa ma muli o ko lākou ʻono kūlohelohe ikaika a me ko lākou hiki ke hui pū me nā mea ʻala maʻalahi. Mālama pinepine ʻia nā iʻa e like me ka tuna a me ka skipjack tuna ma ke ʻano he pindang a iʻa i haehae ʻia.
Hoʻomākaukau pinepine ʻia ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe ma ke ʻano he meaʻai palai, pecel lele (salakeke iʻa pōpoki), gulai (curry), sopa, a i ʻole pindang patin (mea ʻala iʻa patin). I mea e hōʻemi ai i ke ʻala ʻokoʻa, hoʻohui pinepine ka poʻe i nā mea ʻala ikaika e like me ka turmeric, ginger, galangal, lemongrass, a me nā lau lime.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka iʻa wai paʻakai a me ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe e komo pū ana me ka nohona, pehea e hoʻololi ai ke kino i nā pae paʻakai, nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka iʻa, nā ʻano ʻono a me ke ʻano, ka nui o ka meaʻai, ka pilikia o ka haumia, ke kumukūʻai, a me nā ʻano hana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka iʻa wai paʻakai i ko lākou ʻono ʻono a waiwai kekahi mau ʻano i ka omega-3s, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mahi ʻana i ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe, loaʻa mau, a ʻoi aku ka uku. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ke koho maikaʻi loa e pili ana i kāu mau pono, nā ʻono, a me ke komo ʻana. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ka iʻa hou, i lawe ʻia mai kahi kumu hilinaʻi, a hoʻomākaukau maʻemaʻe e hoʻonui i kona mau pono meaʻai.
