Ka Hopena o ke Kanu Monoculture ma nā ʻŌnaehana Ululāʻau
He mau ʻōnaehana olaola paʻakikī nā ululāʻau i haku ʻia me nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, nā holoholona, nā microorganism, a me nā ʻāpana abiotic e like me ka lepo, ka wai, a me ka microclimate. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, he nui nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ululāʻau a me kahi pūnaewele paʻakikī o nā pilina—mai ka pollination a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hua i nā kaulahao meaʻai a me ke kaʻapuni meaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e hoʻololi ʻia ai nā wahi ululāʻau i nā mahi kanu monoculture—ʻo ia hoʻi, ka mahi ʻana i hoʻokahi mea kanu ma luna o kahi ʻāpana nui—e loli nui ana ke ʻano a me ka hana o kēia mau ʻōnaehana olaola. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā hopena like ʻole o nā mahi kanu monoculture i nā ʻōnaehana olaola o ka ululāʻau, me ka biodiversity, ka lepo a me ka wai, ka microclimate, a me nā ʻano pilikanaka a me ke kūpaʻa ecological lōʻihi.
1. Ka emi ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa o nā meaola
ʻO ka hopena maopopo loa o ke kanu monoculture ka emi ʻana o ka biodiversity. Hāʻawi nā ululāʻau kūlohelohe i nā ʻano papa mea kanu like ʻole—canopy, understory, shrubs, a me ka papahele o ka ululāʻau—nāna e hana i nā niches he nui no nā ʻano meaola ola like ʻole. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hana nā monocultures i kahi ʻano like: nā ʻano lāʻau like, nā makahiki mea kanu like, a me nā ʻano canopy maʻalahi.
ʻO ka hopena, ua nalowale nā ʻano he nui e hilinaʻi nei i nā wahi noho like ʻole i ko lākou mau wahi noho. ʻO nā manu e pono ai nā lāʻau hakahaka no ka hoʻomoe pūnana, nā mammals liʻiliʻi e pono ai ka ulu lāʻau mānoanoa no ka malu, a me kekahi mau pepeke e ulu wale ana ma nā mea kanu kikowaena kikoʻī e emi ana. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka biodiversity ʻaʻole wale ia he nalowale o ka "helu ʻano," akā ʻo ka nalowale ʻana hoʻi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni e like me ka pollination, ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino kūlohelohe, a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea olaola.
2. Ka Hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka Pūnaewele Meaʻai a me ke Kūpaʻa o ke Kaiaola
I loko o kahi kaiaolaola ululāʻau olakino, ʻo ke alo o nā ʻano he nui e hana i kahi pūnaewele meaʻai paʻakikī. Inā emi kekahi kumu meaʻai, hiki i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ke hoʻomau i ke kaulahao meaʻai. Hoʻemi ka monoculture i kēia paʻakikī. Ke kakaikahi wale nō nā ʻano mea kanu nui e ola nei, ua kaupalena ʻia nā mea kūʻai mua e hiki ke hoʻohana iā lākou, a pēlā e hoʻopilikia ai i nā mea ʻaihue e hilinaʻi nei i nā mea pio like ʻole.
ʻOi aku ka paʻa ʻole o nā ʻōnaehana ola like i ke alo o nā haunaele. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e pahū ai kahi heluna pest e makemake ana i kahi mea kanu kikoʻī, hāʻawi ka monoculture i kahi "papa ʻai" nui a keʻakeʻa ʻole. I loko o nā ululāʻau like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā pests e laha koke ma muli o nā pale i kau ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea kanu, ke alo o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe like ʻole, a me nā microhabitats i kūpono ʻole i ko lākou ulu ʻana.
3. Hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia o nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi
Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka monoculture me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka maʻalahi i nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi. Ma muli o ke kanu like ʻana o nā mea kanu ma kahi ʻāpana hoʻokahi, hiki i nā pathogens a me nā pepeke ʻai lau ke laha wikiwiki mai kekahi lāʻau a i kekahi. Hiki i kēia ke paipai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a i ʻole nā hana kaohi ikaika, kahi e loaʻa ai nā hopena knock-on.
ʻAʻole wale nā pesticides e pepehi i nā meaola i manaʻo ʻia akā ʻo nā mea ʻaihue kūlohelohe, nā pepeke pollinating, a me nā biota lepo e kōkua i ka momona. I ka wā lōʻihi, hiki i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā pesticides ke hana i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā pest, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā dosages a me ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻana. Hoʻopilikia kēia pōʻaiapuni i ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni a hōʻemi i ke kūpaʻa o ka ʻōnaehana ola.
4. Nā Hoʻololi i nā Waiwai Lepo a me ka Momona
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lepo nahele ma o kahi kaʻina hana lōʻihi e pili ana i ka ʻōpala lau, ka lāʻau make, nā fungi, nā bacteria, a me nā holoholona lepo e like me nā ilo a me nā arthropods. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea kanu ka hopena o nā ʻano ʻōpala a me nā aʻa like ʻole, e hopena ana i kahi lako kaulike o nā mea olaola a me nā meaʻai. I nā monocultures, ʻano like ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka ʻōpala. ʻO nā ʻano lau like, nā ʻano lignin a me ka nitrogen like, a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka haku mele ʻana o nā microorganisms lepo.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻokele monoculture pinepine e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻāina, ka weeding, a me ke komo ʻana i nā lako kaumaha, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo. Hoʻemi ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka porosity, kāohi i ke komo ʻana o ka wai, a hoʻemi i kahi noho o nā biota lepo. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lepo i mālama pono ʻole ʻia i ka ʻino a hoʻemi i ka huahana lōʻihi, e koi ana i nā mea hoʻokomo momona nui e mālama i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.
5. Ka ʻinoʻino a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka wai
He uhi mānoanoa ko nā ululāʻau kūlohelohe a he papahele lalo e pale ana i ka lepo mai ka hopena pololei o ka wai ua. Hoʻopaʻa pū nā aʻa o nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole i ka lepo ma nā hohonu like ʻole. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, waiho pinepine nā monocultures—ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wā mua o ke kanu ʻana a i ʻole ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana—i ka lepo i ʻike nui ʻia. Hoʻonui kēia i ka pilikia o ka ʻino ʻana e ka wai a me ka makani.
Lawe ka ʻino ʻana i nā ʻāpana lepo a me nā sediment i loko o nā muliwai, nā loko, a me nā waihona wai. ʻO ka hopena, emi ka maikaʻi o ka wai: piʻi ka turbidity, hoʻopilikia ʻia nā wahi noho o nā iʻa, a loaʻa ka siltation. Hiki i ka sediment ke lawe i nā koena mea hoʻouluulu a i ʻole nā pesticide, e hoʻoulu ai i ka eutrophication a i ʻole ka haumia kemika. ʻAʻole wale nā hopena ecological akā pilikanaka pū kekahi, no ka mea, hilinaʻi pinepine nā kaiāulu a puni i nā kumu wai like no kā lākou mau pono o kēlā me kēia lā.
6. Ka Hoʻololi ʻana o ka Microclimate a me ke Kaʻapuni Hydrological
Hoʻokumu nā ululāʻau like ʻole i nā microclimates kūikawā: ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, nā mahana paʻa, a me ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i hoʻolaha ʻia. Hiki i nā monocultures, ʻoiai nā mea me nā ʻano lāʻau liʻiliʻi, ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano mālamalama a me ka mahana ma lalo o ka canopy. Lilo ka papahele o ka ululāʻau i wela a maloʻo, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i nā meaola understory e like me nā amphibians, nā pepeke, nā ferns, a me nā mosses.
Eia kekahi, hiki i kekahi mau monocultures ke hoʻololi i ke kaʻina hana hydrological, no ka laʻana, ma o nā ʻano transpiration like ʻole a me nā koi wai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ululāʻau kūlohelohe. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka wai ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai i ka wā maloʻo, ʻoiai inā kanu ʻia ma nā wahi hopu wai koʻikoʻi. Hiki i kēia mau loli ke hoʻopilikia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai no nā kaiaolaola ma lalo a me nā kaiāulu.
7. Ka Mālama ʻana i ke Kalapona a me ka Hopena ma ka Hoʻololi o ke Aniau
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā ululāʻau ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa a mālama i ke kalapona. Mālama nā ululāʻau kūlohelohe i ke kalapona ʻaʻole wale i loko o nā kumu lāʻau akā i loko o nā aʻa, nā ʻōpala, ka lāʻau make, a me ka lepo. I nā monocultures, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka hiki ke mālama i ke kalapona ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mea kanu, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mea kanu, a me ka hoʻokele ʻāina. Ke pani nā monocultures i nā ululāʻau mua a i ʻole nā ululāʻau waiwai mālama kiʻekiʻe, hoʻokuʻu nui ʻia ke kalapona mai ka biomass a me ka lepo, e hoʻonui ana i ka loli o ke aniau.
ʻOiai hiki i kekahi mau māla ulu wikiwiki ke hoʻopaʻa koke i ke kalapona, inā ʻohi ʻia i nā pōʻaiapuni pōkole a hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia ka lepo, e hoʻi hou kekahi o ke kalapona i ka lewa. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole unuhi koke ka ulu wikiwiki i nā pono o ke aniau, ʻoiai inā nui ka nalowale mua o ke kalapona mai ka nahele maoli.
8. Hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia o ke ahi
Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana ola like ke lilo i mea maʻalahi i ke ahi, ʻoiai inā hana nā ʻano mea kanu i nā ʻōpala lapalapa a i ʻole inā maloʻo ka papahele o ka māla hua ma muli o nā loli microclimate. Hiki i nā hana hoʻokele e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā papahele lalo ke hōʻemi i ka makū a hoʻonui i nā wahie maikaʻi. ʻAʻole wale nā ahi e hōʻino i nā mea kanu akā luku pū i ka biota lepo, hoʻopuka i ka uahi, a hoʻopilikia i ke olakino kanaka a me nā holoholona hihiu.
9. Nā hopena pilikanaka a me nā paio ma ka hoʻokele ʻāina
ʻOiai ʻo ke kumu nui o kēia ʻatikala ka ʻōnaehana ola, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hopena pili kaiaulu. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ululāʻau i ka monoculture me nā loli i ke komo ʻana o ke kaiāulu i nā kumuwaiwai ululāʻau: nā huahana ululāʻau ʻaʻole lāʻau, nā meaʻai kūloko, nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna, a me nā wahi noho no nā holoholona hihiu me ka waiwai moʻomeheu. Ke kaupalena ʻia ke komo ʻana, aia ka hiki ke loaʻa nā hakakā ʻāina, ka emi ʻana o ka palekana meaʻai, a me ka nalowale o ka ʻike kūloko e pili ana i ka biodiversity.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā monocultures ke hāʻawi i nā manawa kūpono waiwai a me ka hana, akā ʻaʻole i puʻunaue like ʻia nā pono. ʻO ke kaulike ma waena o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ecology ke kī i ka hōʻoia ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana ākea o nā ululāʻau.
10. Nā Koho ʻē aʻe a me nā Hana Hoʻēmi
Hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia nā hopena o ka monoculture ma o nā ʻano hoʻokele ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiaola. ʻO kekahi mau hoʻolālā i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia:
1. Ka mahi ʻai ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole (polyculture): Hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea kanu like ʻole e hoʻonui i ka ʻokoʻa o ka nohona a hōʻemi i nā pilikia pest.
2. Nā wahi i mālama ʻia a me nā alaloa o nā holoholona hihiu: Ke waiho nei i nā ʻāpana ululāʻau kūlohelohe a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alaloa no ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona hihiu a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kahe o nā ʻano hoʻoilina.
3. Ka mālama pono ʻana i ka lepo: E hōʻemi i ka hoʻopili ʻana, e mālama i ka ʻōpala, a uhi i ka lepo e kāohi i ka ʻinoʻino ʻana.
4. Hoʻēmi i nā mea hoʻokomo kemika: Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ka kaohi olaola, ka nānā ʻana i nā mea ʻino, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma ka lepo.
5. Loiloi Waiwai Mālama Kiʻekiʻe (HCV/HCS): Ke pale ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā wahi koʻikoʻi no ka biodiversity a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kalapona.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka mahi ʻana i ka monoculture ma nā wahi ululāʻau e lawe mai i nā loli koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā kaiaolaola. ʻO nā hopena e pili ana i ka emi ʻana o ke ʻano o ka biodiversity, ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka pilikia o nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka lepo, ka ʻino a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka wai, nā loli microclimate, a me nā hopena no ka mālama ʻana i ke kalapona a me ka pilikia ahi. ʻOiai hiki i ka monoculture ke hāʻawi i nā pono waiwai a me ka lako o kekahi mau mea maka, pono e mālama ʻia kēia hana me nā loina palekana ecological. ʻO nā hana hoʻēmi e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi waiwai nui, a me ka hoʻokele ʻāina a me ka wai hoʻomau he mea nui ia no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike ma waena o nā pono kanaka a me ke olakino lōʻihi o nā kaiaolaola ululāʻau.
