Nā Mea Hana Kino Kula Kiʻekiʻe no ka Papa ʻUmi
He ʻepekema kūlohelohe ka physics e aʻo ana i nā hanana kūlohelohe a me nā ʻano o nā mea. Ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe, he kumuhana koʻikoʻi ka physics no ka mea e hoʻomākaukau ana i nā haumāna e hoʻomaopopo i nā manaʻo kumu like ʻole e pono ai i ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Eia kahi loiloi o nā mea physics i aʻo ʻia ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe papa ʻumi, ma muli o ka papa hana pili.
1. Hoʻolauna i ka Physics
1.1 Wehewehena a me ka laulā o ke Kino
Mai ka huaʻōlelo "physikos" mai ka ʻōlelo "physics," ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano maoli. Ke aʻo nei ke ʻano physics i nā hanana kūlohelohe, ma ka pae macro, hiki iā mākou ke nānā pololei, a ma ka pae micro, e like me nā ʻāpana subatomicUhi ka laulā o ka physics i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, a me ke kālaikūlohea o kēia au.
1.2 Ke ʻAno ʻEpekema
ʻO ke ʻano hana ʻepekema kahi ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka noiʻi physics. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu o ke ʻano hana ʻepekema e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kuhiakau, ka hoʻokolohua ʻana, ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili, a me nā hopena. He mea nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana ʻepekema no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka ʻike kūpono a hilinaʻi hoʻi.
2. Ka nui a me nā ʻāpana
2.1 Nā Nui Kumu a me nā Nui i Loaʻa
ʻO nā nui kumu he mau nui e hoʻokumu ana i ke kumu o nā nui ʻē aʻe a he mau anakahi i hoʻoholo mua ʻia, e like me ka lōʻihi (mika), ke kaumaha (kilokala), a me ka manawa (kekona). ʻO nā nui i loaʻa he mau nui i loaʻa mai nā nui kumu, no ka laʻana, ka wikiwiki (mika i kekona) a me ka wikiwiki (mika i kekona huinahā).
2.2 ʻŌnaehana Honua (SI)
ʻO ka ʻŌnaehana Honua (SI) kahi ʻōnaehana o nā anakahi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻepekema. ʻO ke anakahi SI no ka lōʻihi ʻo ia ka mika (m), ʻo ka nuipaʻa ke kilokani (kg), ʻo ka manawa kekona (s), ʻo ke au uila ka ampere (A), ʻo ka mahana ke kelvin (K), ʻo ka nui o ka mea ka mole (mol), a ʻo ka ikaika luminous ka candela (cd).
3. Veka
3.1 Wehewehena o ka Vector
ʻO ka vector kahi nui i loaʻa ka nui a me ke kuhikuhi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nui vector ka wikiwiki, ka wikiwiki, a me ka ikaika. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi vector e like me ka pua nona ka lōʻihi e like me kona nui a nona ke kuhikuhi e like me ke kuhikuhi o ka vector.
3.2 Nā Hana Vector
ʻO nā hana vector kumu e pili ana i ka hoʻohui, ka hoʻemi, a me ka hoʻonui scalar. No ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua vectors, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i ke ʻano parallelogram a i ʻole ke ʻano triangle. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā vectors e kā lākou mau ʻāpana x, y, a me z ma nā hoʻonohonoho Cartesian.
4. Neʻe Pololei
4.1 Neʻe ʻana Pololei a maʻamau (GLB)
ʻO GLB ka neʻe ʻana o kahi mea ma ke ala pololei ma ka wikiwiki mau. ʻO ke kaulike kumu o GLB ʻo \(s = v \times t\), kahi ʻo \(s\) ka mamao, ʻo \(v\) ka wikiwiki, a ʻo \(t\) ka manawa.
4.2 Ka Neʻe Laina Hoʻolalelale ʻAno like (GLBB)
ʻO GLBB ka neʻe ʻana o kahi mea ma ke ala pololei me ka wikiwiki mau. ʻO nā kaulike i hoʻohana ʻia ma GLBB e komo pū me \(v = u + a \times t\),\(s = u \times t + \frac{1}{2} a \times t^2\), a me \(v^2 = u^2 + 2a \times s\), kahi \(u\) ka wikiwiki mua, \(v\) ka wikiwiki hope loa, \(a\) ka wikiwiki, \(t\) ka manawa, a \(s\) ka mamao.
5.1 Ke Kānāwai Mua o Newton
ʻO ke Kānāwai Mua o Newton, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kānāwai o ka inertia, ke ʻōlelo nei e noho mālie kahi mea a i ʻole ma ka neʻe like ʻana ma kahi laina pololei ke ʻole e hana ʻia e kahi ikaika e hoʻololi i kēlā kūlana. ʻO ka inertia ke ʻano o kahi mea e mālama i kona kūlana neʻe.
5.2 Ke Kānāwai ʻElua o Newton
Ua wehewehe ke Kānāwai ʻElua o Newton i ka pilina ma waena o ka ikaika, ka nuipa, a me ka wikiwiki, i hoʻokumu ʻia e like me \(F = m \times a\), kahi ʻo \(F\) ka ikaika, ʻo \(m\) ka nuipa, a ʻo \(a\) ka wikiwiki. Hōʻike kēia kānāwai ua kūlike ka wikiwiki o kahi mea me ka ikaika e hana ana ma luna ona a kūlike ʻole me kona nuipa.
5.3 Ke Kānāwai ʻEkolu o Newton
ʻŌlelo ke Kānāwai ʻEkolu o Newton e hana ana kēlā me kēia hana i kahi hopena like a kū'ē. Eia kekahi laʻana, inā e paʻi mākou i kahi pā me kahi ikaika, e hoʻokau pū ka pā i kahi ikaika like akā kū'ē iā mākou.
6. Ikaika a me ka Hoʻoikaika
6.1 Wehewehena o ka ʻOihana
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hana (W) i ka physics ʻo ia ka nui o ka ikaika e hoʻoneʻe ai i kahi mea i ke kuhikuhi o ka ikaika. ʻO ke ʻano hana no ka hana ʻo \(W = F \times s \times \cos \theta\), kahi ʻo \(F\) ka ikaika, ʻo \(s\) ka neʻe ʻana, a ʻo \(\theta\) ke kihi ma waena o ke kuhikuhi o ka ikaika a me ka neʻe ʻana.
6.2 Ikehu Kinetic a me ka Hiki
ʻO ka ikehu kinetic (EK) ka ikehu i loaʻa i kahi mea ma muli o kona neʻe ʻana, i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana \(EK = \frac{1}{2} m \times v^2\). Ikehu hiki ʻO (EP) ka ikehu i loaʻa i kahi mea ma muli o kona kūlana, ʻoiai ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka ʻili o ka honua, me ke ʻano (EP = m i hoʻonui ʻia e g i hoʻonui ʻia e h), kahi (m) ka nuipa, (g) ka wikiwiki o ka umekaumaha, a ʻo (h) ke kiʻekiʻe.
6.3 Ke Kānāwai o ka Mālama ʻana i ka Ikehu
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia a luku ʻia paha ka ikehu, akā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia mai kekahi ʻano i kekahi. ʻO ka ikehu holoʻokoʻa i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana pani ʻia he mau.
7. Ka Momentum a me ka Impulse
7.1 Ka Manawa
ʻO ka Momentum kahi nui e ana i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻōki ʻana i kahi mea e neʻe ana, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he \(p = m \times v\), kahi ʻo \(p\) ka momentum, ʻo \(m\) ka nuipa, a ʻo \(v\) ka wikiwiki.
7.2 Manaʻo wikiwiki
ʻO ka impulse ka loli o ka momentum e hana ʻia ke hana ka ikaika ma luna o kahi mea i loko o kekahi manawa. Haʻilula hoʻoikaika ʻo ia (I = F i hoʻonui ʻia e Delta t), kahi (I) ka impulse, (F) ka ikaika, a ʻo (Delta t) ka manawa.
7.3 Ke Kānāwai o ka Mālama ʻana i ka Momentum
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum ua like ka momentum holoʻokoʻa o kahi ʻōnaehana ma mua a ma hope o kahi kuʻi ʻana, inā ʻaʻohe mana o waho e hana ana ma ka ʻōnaehana.
8. Nā Haʻalulu a me nā Nalu
8.1 Nā Haʻalulu Harmonic
ʻO ka haʻalulu harmonic maʻalahi (SHM) kahi haʻalulu e kū mai ana ma muli o kahi ikaika hoʻihoʻi e kūlike ana a kū'ē i ke kuhikuhi i ka neʻe ʻana mai ke kūlana kaulike. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ʻo SHM e ka hoohalike \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\), kahi \(A\) ka amplitude, \(\omega\) ka alapine angular, a ʻo \(\phi\) ka pae mua.
8.2 Nā Nalu
ʻO nā nalu he mau oscillations e pālahalaha ana ma o kahi waena a i ʻole kahi ākea. Ua māhele ʻia nā nalu i nā nalu transverse a me nā nalu longitudinal ma muli o ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea waena. Ua like nā nalu transverse me nā nalu ma luna o ka wai, ʻoiai ua like nā nalu longitudinal me nā nalu kani i ka lewa.
8.3 Nā Waiwai Nalu
He mau ʻano koʻikoʻi ko nā nalu e like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (re-emission), ka refraction (refraction), ka diffraction (bending), a me ka interference (superposition).
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea physics ma ka papa ʻumi he hana mua koʻikoʻi ia i ke aʻo ʻana i ka physics. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu e like me nā nui a me nā anakahi, nā kānāwai o Newton no ka neʻe ʻana, ka ikehu, ka momentum, a me nā nalu, hiki i nā haumāna ke kūkulu i kahi kahua paʻa no ke aʻo ʻana i nā kumuhana holomua ma nā papa ʻumikūmākahi a me ka ʻumikūmālua. Manaʻolana ʻia me kēia ʻike, ʻaʻole wale nā haumāna e mākaukau no nā hoʻokolohua kula akā hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻopili i ko lākou ʻike i ka physics i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
