Pehea e hana ai nā antibiotics e hakakā i ka bacteria
I loko o ke ao paʻakikī a me ka microscopic o nā microorganisms, nui ka bacteria ma muli o ko lākou wahi ākea a me ka hopena i ke olakino kanaka. Hiki i kēia mau meaola prokaryotic hoʻokahi-cell ke hoʻouka i ke kino o ke kanaka, hoʻonui, a hoʻoulu i nā maʻi like ʻole mai nā maʻi liʻiliʻi a hiki i nā kūlana hoʻoweliweli ola. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, kū nā antibiotics ma ke ʻano he ʻano pale ikaika e kūʻē i nā maʻi bacteria. Ke ʻeli nei kēia ʻatikala i loko o nā mechanics o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā antibiotics, e wehewehe ana i kā lākou ʻano hana, nā ʻano, a me nā hopena i ke kaua kūʻē i nā pathogens bacteria.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Bacteria a me nā Maʻi ʻAʻai
He mau meaola like ʻole nā bacteria i hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano kaiapuni he nui, me ke kino kanaka. ʻOiai he pono kekahi mau bacteria a he mea nui no nā kaʻina hana e like me ka ʻai ʻana, hiki i kekahi ke lilo i pathogenic. Hoʻokumu nā bacteria pathogenic i nā maʻi ma ke komo ʻana i ke kino, e pale aku ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale, a me ka ulu ʻana. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā mea ʻawahia a hoʻoulu i nā pane mumū e alakaʻi ai i ka maʻi. ʻO nā maʻi bacteria maʻamau e komo pū me ka pneumonia, ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, nā maʻi urinary tract, a me ka strep throat.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau antibiotic
Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻike ʻana o nā lāʻau antibiotic me Alexander Fleming i ka makahiki 1928 i kona ʻike ʻana i ka penicillin mai ka ʻōpala Penicillium notatum. Ua hoʻololi kēia ʻike hou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ala ikaika e hakakā ai i nā maʻi bacteria i make ma mua. Mai ia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia a ua hana ʻia nā lāʻau antibiotic he nui, kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano hana kūikawā e pale aku ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria a me ke ola ʻana.
Nā ʻano hana o ka hana antibiotic
Hana nā antibiotics ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi i loko o nā cell bacteria e pono ai no ko lākou ulu ʻana a me ke ola ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā o kēia mau pahuhopu e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e hiki i nā antibiotics ke hakakā i ka bacteria me ka hōʻino liʻiliʻi i nā cell kanaka. ʻO nā ʻano hana nui e hoʻokō ai nā antibiotics i ko lākou hopena:
1. Ka pale ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka paia kelepona:
He ʻano koʻikoʻi ka paia o ke kelepona bacteria e mālama ana i ke ʻano o ke kelepona a pale aku i ke kaomi osmotic. ʻO nā antibiotic Beta-lactam, e like me nā penicillins, cephalosporins, a me nā carbapenems, e kuhikuhi ana i ka synthesis o peptidoglycan, kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka paia o ke kelepona bacteria. Ma ka pale ʻana i nā enzymes e pili ana i ka peptidoglycan cross-linking, hoʻonāwaliwali kēia mau antibiotics i ka paia o ke kelepona, e alakaʻi ana i ka lysis bacteria a me ka make.
2. Ka Hoʻohaunaele ʻana i ka Pono o ka Membrane Cell:
Hoʻopili kekahi mau antibiotic i ka membrane plasma bacteria, e hoʻopilikia ana i kona kūpaʻa a me ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā cell. ʻO Polymyxins, no ka laʻana, e hoʻopaʻa i ka membrane waho o nā bacteria Gram-negative, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka permeability membrane a alakaʻi i ka leakage o nā mea o loko o ke kelepona. He mea pono loa kēia ʻano hana no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria multidrug-resistant.
3. Ka pale ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka protein:
He mea nui ka hana ʻana o ka protein no ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka hana hou ʻana. Hoʻopilikia nā antibiotics e like me tetracyclines, macrolides, a me aminoglycosides i nā ribosomes bacteria, ka mīkini e kuleana no ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻike genetic i loko o nā protein. Ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā subunits ribosomal, pale kēia mau antibiotics i ka hana ʻana o nā protein koʻikoʻi, e hoʻōki ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria a alakaʻi i ka make ʻana o nā cell.
4. Ka pale ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka waikawa Nucleic:
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hana ʻana o ka DNA a me ka RNA no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka bacteria. Hoʻopili nā antibiotics e like me fluoroquinolones a me rifamycins i nā enzymes e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka nucleic acid. Hoʻopaʻa nā Fluoroquinolones i ka DNA gyrase a me ka topoisomerase IV, nā enzymes e pono ai no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka DNA, ʻoiai ʻo rifamycins e hoʻopaʻa i ka RNA polymerase, e ālai ana i ka hana ʻana o ka RNA. ʻO kēia mau hana ka hopena i ka hoʻōki ʻana o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka bacteria.
5. Ka pale ʻana i nā ala Metabolic:
Hoʻopili kekahi mau antibiotics i nā ala metabolic kikoʻī e pono ai no ke ola ʻana o ka bacteria. No ka laʻana, kāohi nā sulfonamides a me trimethoprim i ka synthesis o ka folic acid, kahi mea mua koʻikoʻi no ka synthesis nucleotide. Ma ka pale ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka folic acid, hoʻopau kēia mau antibiotics i ka bacteria i nā metabolites e pono ai, e alakaʻi ana i ko lākou make.
Nā ʻano lāʻau antibiotic
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā antibiotics i ʻelua mau ʻano e pili ana i kā lākou spectrum hana: nā antibiotics broad-spectrum a me nā antibiotics haiki-spectrum.
1. Nā lāʻau antibiotic ākea-ākea:
He kūpono nā antibiotic ākea ākea, e like me nā tetracyclines a me nā fluoroquinolones, e kūʻē i nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole, me nā bacteria Gram-positive a me Gram-negative. He mea pono loa lākou i ka wā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu o kahi maʻi, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke kuhikuhi i nā pathogens he nui. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kā lākou hana ākea ke hoʻopilikia i ka microbiota maʻamau, e alakaʻi ana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao e like me nā maʻi kūpono a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka antibiotic.
2. Nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻāwiliwili:
ʻO nā antibiotics spectrum haiki, e like me ka penicillin G a me vancomycin, ke kuhikuhi nei i nā ʻano bacteria kikoʻī. Makemake ʻia lākou ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu, no ka mea, hoʻemi lākou i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka microbiota maʻamau a hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē. He mea waiwai nui nā antibiotics spectrum haiki i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pathogens i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia.
Ke Kū'ē ʻana i nā Antibiotic: He Hopohopo e Ulu Ana
Ke kū nei ka pono o nā antibiotics i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka antibiotic. Hiki i nā bacteria ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻano hana kūʻē ma o nā hoʻololi genetic a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o nā genes kūʻē ma o ka hoʻoili gene horizontal. ʻO kēia mau ʻano hana:
– Ka Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka Enzymatic: Hoʻopuka kekahi mau bacteria i nā enzymes, e like me nā beta-lactamases, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā antibiotics, a hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea pono ʻole.
– Nā Pamu Efflux: Hiki i nā bacteria ke hōʻike i nā pamu efflux e kipaku aku i nā antibiotics mai nā cell, e hoʻemi ana i ko lākou nui intracellular a me ka pono.
– Hoʻololi ʻana i ka Pahuhopu: Hiki i nā loli ʻana i nā pahuhopu bacteria ke hōʻemi i ka pilina paʻa o nā antibiotics, e hoʻemi ana i ko lākou pono.
– Hoʻemi ʻia ka Permeability: Hiki i nā loli i loko o ka paia cell bacteria a i ʻole ka membrane ke hōʻemi i ka lawe ʻana o ka antibiotic, e kaupalena ana i ko lākou komo ʻana i nā pahuhopu intracellular.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā bacteria kūʻē i nā lāʻau ʻaʻai, e like me ka methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) a me ka carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), he hoʻoweliweli nui ia i ke olakino lehulehu. Pono ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻaʻai hou a me nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau ʻē aʻe e hakakā ai i nā maʻi kūʻē.
Panina
ʻO nā antibiotics ke kihi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea hana koʻikoʻi e hakakā ai i nā maʻi bacteria. Ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kaʻina hana bacteria koʻikoʻi, pale maikaʻi nā antibiotics i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pilikia e piʻi nei o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka antibiotic e hōʻike ana i ka pono no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka antibiotic, ka noiʻi e hoʻomau nei, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā antimicrobial hou. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka pono o nā antibiotics e hilinaʻi nei i ka ʻike piha ʻana i kā lākou mau hana, ka hoʻohana pono ʻana, a me nā hana honua e hōʻemi i ke kūʻē. Ma o kēia mau hana i hui pū ʻia, hiki i nā antibiotics ke hoʻomau i ka pale ʻana i ke olakino kanaka mai ka hoʻoweliweli mau o nā maʻi bacteria.
