ʻAnatomy a me Physiology o ka ʻōnaehana nerve i nā Invertebrates
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana nerve kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi i loko o ka biology o nā holoholona āpau, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he kikowaena hoʻomalu no nā hana kino a me nā pane i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki o ke kaiapuni. I loko o nā invertebrates, ʻo ke ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve e like me ka nui o ka hui ponoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea ola mai nā ʻūpā kai maʻalahi a hiki i nā arthropods paʻakikī. Nānā kēia ʻatikala i ke anatomy a me ka physiology o ka ʻōnaehana nerve i loko o nā invertebrates, e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻololi evolutionary like ʻole e kākoʻo ana i ko lākou ola a me ka launa pū ʻana me ko lākou kaiapuni.
1. Nā ʻano laulā
ʻAʻohe kolamu vertebral o nā invertebrates, akā ʻaʻole kēia e kāpae iā lākou mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana nerve paʻakikī. ʻOiai ʻo kekahi mau invertebrates e like me nā sponges (Phylum Porifera) nele i nā ʻōnaehana nerve maoli, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā cephalopods (papa Cephalopoda o Mollusca), hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī neural.
2. ʻŌnaehana Aʻalolo maʻalahi loa
E hoʻomaka ana me nā ʻano maʻalahi loa, hōʻike nā huʻa i nā metazoans mua loa. ʻAʻohe neurons a i ʻole nā ʻiʻo nerve i nā huʻa. Akā, hilinaʻi lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻaʻole nerve o nā cell e hoʻouna i ka ʻike. Hoʻopuka kekahi mau cell e like me nā choanocytes (nā cell collar) i nā kahe wai ma o ko lākou mau pores, e ʻae ana i ka huʻa e kānana i ka hānai.
3. Nā ʻupena Hydra a me nā aʻalolo
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻonohonoho ʻoi aku o ka ʻōnaehana nerve i nā Cnidarians, e like me ka hydra. Loaʻa i kēia mau mea ola kahi ʻupena nerve, kahi ʻōnaehana nerve maʻamau a decentralized me ka ʻole o ka lolo waena. ʻAe nā ʻupena nerve i nā pane maʻalahi a pololei i nā stimuli. Aia ka ʻupena i kahi pūnaewele o nā cell nerve i hoʻopili ʻia (neurons) e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā impulses uila. ʻAe kēia i nā cnidarians e hōʻike i nā ʻano maʻalahi e like me nā ʻūlū a me nā neʻe ʻana o ka hopu.
4. ʻO Platyhelminthes a me ka Cephalization maʻalahi
I loko o nā ilo pālahalaha (Phylum Platyhelminthes), ʻike mākou i ka puka ʻana mai o ka symmetry bilateral a me ka cephalization—he ʻano evolutionary kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka ʻōnaehana nerve ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka meaola, e hana ana i kahi lolo rudimentary a i ʻole ganglia. Hoʻohui kēia mau hale i nā mea hoʻokomo sensory a hoʻonohonoho i ka neʻe ʻana. Loaʻa i nā ilo pālahalaha kahi ʻōnaehana nerve e like me ke alapiʻi, kahi e holo ai nā kaula nerve longitudinal i lalo o ke kino a ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā aʻalolo transverse.
5. Nā Annelid a me nā ʻōnaehana nerve i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia
I ko mākou piʻi ʻana i ke alapiʻi evolutionary, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā ʻōnaehana nerve o nā annelids (Phylum Annelida) e like me nā ilo honua. Loaʻa i nā Annelids kahi kaula nerve ventral me nā ganglia segmental. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kino kona ganglion ponoʻī, nāna e hoʻomalu i nā pane kūloko. ʻO ka ganglion cephalic, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ka 'lolo' o nā annelids, hana i ka ʻike sensory a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma ke kino o ka annelids.
6. Nā ʻArthropod: Paʻakikī i ke ʻano a me ka hana
Hōʻike nā Arthropod (Phylum Arthropoda), me nā pepeke, nā crustaceans, a me nā arachnids, i nā ʻōnaehana nerve paʻakikī. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi lolo i wehewehe pono ʻia ma ke poʻo, i pili i kahi kaula nerve ventral a me nā ganglia segmental. Ua māhele ʻia ka lolo arthropod i nā wahi kūikawā e like me ka protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, a me tritocerebrum, kēlā me kēia kuleana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea hoʻokomo sensory a me ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā hana motor.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana nerve pepeke, no ka laʻana, ka mea e kāohi ai i nā ʻano paʻakikī e like me ka lele ʻana, ka hoʻokele ʻana, a me nā pilina pilikanaka. Aia ia ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau neurons, e hiki ai ke hana i nā hana mai nā reflexes maʻalahi a i nā hana holomua e like me ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo.
7. Nā Mollusks: Nā Hoʻonohonoho Neural like ʻole
Hōʻike nā Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca) i nā ʻano paʻakikī like ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana nerve. ʻOiai ʻo nā gastropods (nā nahe a me nā slugs) he hui nerve maʻalahi me nā ganglia i hui pū ʻia, ʻo nā cephalopods (nā heʻe, nā heʻe) nā ʻōnaehana nerve holomua loa i waena o nā invertebrates. Loaʻa i nā Cephalopods nā lolo nui a kikowaena me nā lobes a me nā tracts, hiki ke hana paʻakikī a me ka kaohi i nā ʻano hana paʻakikī e like me ka camouflage, ke aʻo ʻana ma ka spatial, a me ka hoʻoponopono pilikia.
Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana nerve Cephalopod ke loaʻa a hiki i ka hapalua piliona neurons, me kahi hapa nui i loaʻa i ko lākou mau maka paʻakikī, e hāʻawi ana i nā hiki ke hana ʻike maka holomua. ʻO ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i nā chromatophores (nā cell pigment i loko o ka ʻili) no ke kamaʻilio ʻana a i ʻole ka camouflage e hōʻike ana i kahi kaohi neurophysiological paʻakikī.
8. Nā ʻano hana kino
ʻOiai ke ʻano like ʻole o ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana nerve, ua kaʻana like ʻia kekahi mau loina physiological kumu ma waena o nā invertebrates. Hana nā neurons, ke kuamoʻo o ka ʻōnaehana nerve, ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā potentials hana - nā loli wikiwiki i ka membrane potential e hele ana ma ka membrane cell nerve. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā synapses i ka hoʻoili ʻana o kēia mau hōʻailona ma waena o nā neurons a i ʻole mai nā neurons a i nā ʻiʻo, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā neurotransmitters ma ke ʻano he ʻelele kemika.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā neurotransmitter e like me ka acetylcholine, dopamine, a me ka serotonin i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana a me ke ʻano o ke aʻalolo, e hōʻoia ana e hiki i nā invertebrates ke pane kūpono i ko lākou wahi noho.
9. Kuanaʻike Hoʻomohala
Mai kahi kuanaʻike evolutionary, ʻo ka holomua o ka ʻōnaehana nerve i loko o nā invertebrates e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano e hoʻonui ai i ke kikowaena a me ka hana kūikawā. Kākoʻo kēia holomua evolutionary i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano hana a me nā hana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, e hiki ai i nā invertebrates ke hoʻololi i nā niches kaiapuni like ʻole.
Hoʻākāka ka ulu ʻana o ke kino a me ke kino i nā mea e pono ai ke ola e like me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻike, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana, a me nā pilina pilikanaka paʻakikī. Hōʻike nā ʻōnaehana nerve o nā invertebrates i kahi ākea o nā hoʻololi, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou holomua kaiaola a me ka ulu ʻana ma nā wahi noho like ʻole.
Panina
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana nerve i loko o nā invertebrates e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hoihoi o nā hoʻolālā neural, kēlā me kēia i hoʻololi ʻia i ke ʻano o ke ola a me ke kaiapuni o ka meaola. Mai ka ʻupena nerve o nā cnidarians a hiki i ka lolo paʻakikī o nā cephalopods, hōʻike nā ʻōnaehana nerve invertebrate i kahi ʻano o ka hana hou biological, e hōʻike ana i nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o ke ʻano, ka hana, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau hoʻonohonoho neural like ʻole ʻaʻole wale e hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ka biology invertebrate akā hoʻonui pū i ko mākou ʻike ākea o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve a me ka hana ma nā ʻano ola āpau.
