ʻO Stratigraphy ma nā Haʻawina Archaeological
ʻO Stratigraphy kekahi o nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi loa i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻeli ʻana. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ke aʻo nei ʻo stratigraphy i nā papa o ka lepo a me ka sediment e hana ʻia i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. No nā mea kālaihonua, ʻaʻole kēia mau papa he mau hōʻiliʻili lepo wale nō, akā he "waihona" e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā hana a ke kanaka, nā loli o ke kaiapuni, nā pōʻino kūlohelohe, a me nā kaʻina hana o ka wā. Ma o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka stratigraphy, hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke wehewehe i ke kaʻina o nā hanana i hala: nā mea i hana mua ʻia, nā mea i hana ma hope, a pehea e pili ai kēia mau hanana kekahi i kekahi.
Ka wehewehena a me ke kumu o ka stratigraphy
Istilah stratigrafi berasal dari kata stratum (lapisan) dan graphy (deskripsi). Dalam konteks geologi, stratigrafi digunakan untuk e hoʻomaopopo i ka mōʻaukala bumi melalui lapisan batuan dan sedimen. Arkeologi mengadopsi prinsip yang sama, tetapi fokusnya lebih spesifik: mempelajari lapisan yang terkait dengan aktivitas manusia (endapan budaya) dan proses alam yang memengaruhi situs. Lapisan arkeologi sering kali terdiri atas campuran tanah, abu, sisa bangunan, sampah domestik, fragmen keramik, tulang, arang, dan berbagai material lain yang tertimbun dan mengalami perubahan.
ʻO kekahi kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka stratigraphy he mea nui i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina, ʻo ia ke kānāwai o ka superposition: ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka ʻelemakule o nā papa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea ma luna o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, noʻonoʻo pū nā mea ʻeli ʻāina i nā haunaele e like me ka ʻeli ʻana e nā kānaka o ka wā ma mua, nā aʻa mea kanu, ka hana holoholona, ka ʻino ʻana, ke kahe ʻana o ke kai, a i ʻole ke kūkulu hou ʻana i hiki ke "hoʻohuli" a hoʻohuihui paha i nā papa.
No ke aha he mea nui ka stratigraphy i ka ʻepekema archeology?
Kōkua ʻo Stratigraphy i nā mea kālaihonua e kūkulu i kahi chronology pili, kahi kaʻina manawa e pili ana i ke kūlana o nā papa me ka ʻike ʻole i ka lā kikoʻī. Ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā papa kahiko a ʻōpiopio, hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke kau i nā mea hana a me nā hiʻohiʻona (e.g., nā kapuahi, nā lua pou, nā ʻauwai, nā papahele hale) i loko o ko lākou pōʻaiapili manawa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia pōʻaiapili no ka wehewehe ʻana. ʻO kahi ʻāpana ipu hao i loaʻa ma ka ʻili me ka ʻole o ka pōʻaiapili stratigraphic he mea wehe wale paha ia, akā inā loaʻa i loko o kahi papa kikoʻī e pili ana i ka papahele hale a i ʻole ka lumi kuke, hāʻawi ka mea i loaʻa i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka nohona, ka ʻenehana, a me nā pūnaewele kālepa.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ʻo Stratigraphy i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kahua noho o kahi kahua. ʻAʻole i noho ʻia nā wahi he nui i hoʻokahi manawa wale nō; hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ka noho hou ʻia ʻana, ke kūkulu hou ʻana, ke ahi, ka haʻalele ʻia ʻana, a me ka noho hou ʻana. Hiki i nā papa i hana ʻia e kēia mau kaʻina hana ke hōʻike i nā loli i nā ʻano noho, nā ʻano hana, a me nā hoʻololi moʻomeheu.
Papa moʻomeheu a me ka papa kūlohelohe
I nā haʻawina ʻeli honua, aia ʻelua mau ʻano nui o nā waihona: nā papa kūlohelohe a me nā papa moʻomeheu. ʻO nā papa kūlohelohe e komo pū me nā waihona mai nā waikahe, nā ʻāina hoʻoili, ka ʻino ʻana o ka pōhaku, a i ʻole ka waiho ʻana o ka makani. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa moʻomeheu e nā hana a kānaka, e like me ka hoʻolei ʻōpala, ke kūkulu hale, ka hoʻopiha papahele, a i ʻole ke koena puhi.
ʻAʻole maopopo mau ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. ʻO nā waihona waikahe, no ka laʻana, hiki ke uhi i nā wahi noho a "laka" i nā papa moʻomeheu, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ko lākou mālama pono ʻana. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hana a ke kanaka e like me ke ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻauwai a i ʻole nā kumukūʻai ke hoʻopilikia i nā papa kūlohelohe. No laila, pono ka loiloi stratigraphic i ka loiloi pono ʻana i nā ʻano o ka papa: ke kala, ke ʻano, ka nui, ka ʻike o nā mea, a me nā palena.
Manaʻo o ka pōʻaiapili a me nā ʻāpana stratigraphic
I ka hana ʻeli honua hou, ua hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia ka stratigraphy i nā ʻāpana i kapa ʻia he mau pōʻaiapili a i ʻole nā ʻāpana stratigraphic. Hiki i kahi pōʻaiapili ke lilo i papa lepo hoʻokahi, kahi lua, kahi hoʻopiha, a i ʻole kahi hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia pōʻaiapili me nā kikoʻī: kona kūlana, ka mānoanoa, ka pilina me nā pōʻaiapili ʻē aʻe, a me nā mea i loaʻa. Kōkua kēia ʻano hana i nā mea ʻeli honua e hana hou i ke kaʻina o nā hanana me ka pololei loa ma mua o ka "papa luna" a me ka "papa lalo."
Dari catatan konteks ini, arkeolog dapat membuat Harris Matrix , yaitu diagram yang menggambarkan hubungan stratigrafi antarunit: mana yang menutupi, mana yang memotong, mana yang sezaman. Harris Matrix sangat berguna terutama pada situs kompleks seperti kota kuno, benteng, atau permukiman yang mengalami pembangunan berulang.
Nā ʻano hana ʻeli ʻana ma muli o ka stratigraphy
ʻO ke kūpono o nā ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana ma hope o ka stratigraphy kūlohelohe: ʻeli ʻia nā papa i kēlā me kēia, e hahai ana i ko lākou mau palena mua. ʻOkoʻa kēia ʻano hana mai ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lua (ma nā manawa mānoanoa kikoʻī, no ka laʻana, 10 cm), ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā ʻaʻole maopopo nā papa a i ʻole no ka kaohi maʻamau. Pono nā ʻeli ʻana o ka stratigraphic i ka hiki ke ʻike i nā loli maalea loa i ka lepo.
Saat menggali, arkeolog menggunakan alat seperti sekop kecil ( trowel ), kuas, dan ayakan untuk memastikan artefak kecil tidak terlewat. Profil dinding galian kemudian diamati untuk melihat susunan lapisan. Profil ini dapat digambar manual atau dipindai dengan teknologi fotogrametri dan pemetaan 3D.
Nā kaʻina hana hoʻokumu kahua
ʻAʻole wale ka Stratigraphy e hoʻopaʻa i ke kaʻina o nā hanana akā ʻo nā kaʻina hana i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi kahua. ʻO nā kaʻina hana moʻomeheu e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hoʻolei ʻana, ka luku ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā mea. ʻO nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka sedimentation, ka palaho organik, ka hana microbial, a me ka bioturbation (ka hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā holoholona a i ʻole nā aʻa). He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau kaʻina hana e pale aku ai i nā mea kālaihonua mai ka wehewehe hewa ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa. No ka laʻana, ua "paheʻe" paha nā mea hana i loko o nā papa ʻōpio ma muli o nā lua holoholona, ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kanaka i kēlā manawa.
ʻO Stratigraphy a me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana
Stratigrafi terutama memberikan pili pili ʻohana, tetapi dapat digabungkan dengan penanggalan absolut untuk menghasilkan kronologi yang lebih kuat. Contohnya, arang dari lapisan tertentu dapat diuji radiokarbon untuk mengetahui usia absolutnya. Lapisan abu vulkanik dapat diidentifikasi melalui analisis tefra dan dikaitkan dengan letusan gunung yang tanggalnya diketahui. Artefak tertentu seperti keramik bergaya khas atau koin juga dapat berfungsi sebagai penanda waktu bila periodisasinya sudah dipahami.
Ke kākoʻo nā ʻikepili stratigraphic a me ka ʻikepili pili pono kekahi i kekahi, lilo nā wehewehe ʻana i mea hōʻoiaʻiʻo loa. Inā kū mai nā ʻokoʻa—no ka laʻana, nā hopena radiocarbon i ʻoi aku ka kahiko ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia—pono nā mea kālaihonua e loiloi i ka hiki ke haumia o nā hāpana, ka hui ʻana o nā papa, a i ʻole ka wehewehe hewa ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili.
Nā pilikia i ka nānā ʻana i ka stratigraphic
ʻOiai kona koʻikoʻi, hōʻike ka stratigraphy i nā pilikia. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole maopopo mau nā palena papa; hiki ke maalea a gradational nā loli kala o ka lepo. ʻO ka lua, hiki i nā haunaele o kēia wā e like me nā hana mahiʻai, ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a me ka hao wale ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻano papa. ʻO ke kolu, hiki i ka palapala pololei ʻole ke hoʻolilo i ka ʻikepili stratigraphic i mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohana hou. No laila, he mea nui ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kiʻi, nā kiʻi profile, nā wehewehe lepo, nā hoʻonohonoho huli, a me nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana.
Eia kekahi, hoʻopili ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka stratigraphic e ka ʻike. Hiki i nā mea ʻeli ʻelua ke ʻike i nā mahele papa like ʻole inā ʻaʻohe kūlana hoʻopaʻa leo maopopo. No laila, he mea kōkua ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kahua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alakaʻi wehewehe sediment—e like me ke ana kala ʻo Munsell, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke ʻano o ka lepo, a me nā moʻolelo hoʻokomo.
Ka hopena
ʻO Stratigraphy ke kumu o nā ʻeli ʻana o nā mea kālaihonua no ka mea hāʻawi ia i kahi ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina manawa a me nā pilina ma waena o nā hanana ma kahi kahua. Ma ka heluhelu ʻana i nā papa o ka lepo ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo mōʻaukala, hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke hana hou i nā dinamika o ka noho ʻana, ka loli moʻomeheu, nā pilina kanaka-kaiapuni, a me nā kaʻina hana i hoʻohālikelike i kahi kahua i kona ʻano o kēia manawa. I ka hana maoli, koi ka stratigraphy i ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, ka palapala piha, a me ka hiki ke kālailai i nā kaʻina hana moʻomeheu a me nā kūlohelohe. Ke hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano hana pili makahiki hou a me nā ʻano hana palapala, hiki i ka stratigraphy i nā mea kālaihonua ke hele ma mua o ka ʻike wale ʻana i nā mea hana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka moʻolelo o ka wā i hala me ka piha a me ke kuleana.
