ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana ma Antarctica a me nā mea i loaʻa kūikawā
Ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ʻo Antarctica he ʻāina neoneo a keʻokeʻo: nā ākea pau ʻole o ka hau, nā makani nahu, a me nā mahana koʻikoʻi e paʻakikī ai ke ola lōʻihi o ke kanaka. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ke kiʻi o ka "ʻāina hakahaka" aia kahi kahua aʻo e loaʻa nei ka nānā nui ʻana - ʻo ka ʻeli ʻana o Antarctica. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i mālama ka ʻāina i nā lāhui kahiko e like me ʻAigupita a i ʻole Mesopotamia, aia i Antarctica nā ʻāpana o ka hana a ke kanaka he mea nui no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻimi ʻana, ka ʻoihana hahai holoholona, ka ʻepekema hou, a me ka hopena o ke kanaka i ke kaiapuni palupalu loa o ka Honua. ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o Antarctica ka moʻolelo o nā kānaka i hōʻea ma hope mai, e waiho ana i nā mea maʻalahi, akā he manaʻo nui.
No ke aha he ʻokoʻa ka ʻAkeolokia ma Antarctica?
Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana i nā mea kahiko me nā wahi neoneo o nā kūlanakauhale kahiko, nā luakini, nā hale kupapaʻu, a me nā mea hana lima he mau tausani makahiki. ʻAʻohe heluna kanaka maoli o ʻAntarctica a ʻaʻole i noho mau ʻia ma mua o ke au hou. No laila, nānā pinepine ka "ʻeli ʻana i nā mea kahiko o ʻAntarctica" i nā koena mai ke kenekulia 18 a i ke kenekulia 20: ka wā hahai holoholona sila a me ke kohola, ka wā o nā huakaʻi ʻimi polar, a me nā lā mua o nā kikowaena noiʻi.
Aia kona ʻano kū hoʻokahi i loko o kona pōʻaiapili a me nā kūlana. Hiki i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi maloʻo loa ma kekahi mau wahi ke hoʻolohi i ka palaho ʻana o nā mea olaola. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā makani ikaika, nā neʻe ʻana o ka glacier, a me nā ʻino hau ke kanu a hoʻoneʻe nui paha i nā wahi. He nui nā mea i loaʻa ma ka ʻepekema i "neʻe ʻia" a hūnā ʻia paha, ʻaʻole na nā hana a nā kānaka o kēia wā, akā na nā ʻano o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe o Antarctica.
Nā Kapuaʻi Mua: Nā Mea Huli Sila a me ka ʻOihana Hahai Holoholona
ʻO ka launa mua loa ʻana o kānaka ma Antarctica a me nā mokupuni subantarctic he mea waiwai nui ia: ka ʻimi ʻana i nā sila no ka ʻaila a me nā ʻili, a me ka hopu kohola. I ka hopena o nā kenekulia 18 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 19, ua komo nā mea hahai holoholona i nā wahi i manaʻo ʻia he "mamao loa" no ka nānā pono ʻana. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i nā kahua hoʻomoana manawa pōkole ma ke kahakai, e hoʻohana ana i nā ana a me nā puʻu pōhaku, a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale liʻiliʻi mai ka lāʻau a me ka pōhaku.
ʻO nā mea i loaʻa maʻamau mai kēia wā, ʻo ia nā koena o nā kapuahi, nā iwi holoholona, nā ʻāpana lāʻau, nā kui, nā ʻāpana metala, nā ʻōmole aniani, a i kekahi manawa nā mea kuke. ʻOiai he mea maʻamau, hiki i kēia mau mea i nā mea kālaihonua ke hana hou i ke ʻano o ka nohona o ka poʻe hahai holoholona a me ka poʻe ʻohi holoholona: pehea lākou i hana ai i ka momona i ʻaila, pehea lākou i mālama ai i nā lako, a me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā holoholona hihiu kūloko. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike no ka mea, ua hoʻemi nui ka hahai holoholona nui i ka heluna o nā sila ma kekahi mau wahi.
ʻO ka Wā "Heroic Age": Nā Mea Hana o ka ʻImi ʻana i ka Polar a me ka Huakaʻi
ʻO kekahi o nā mokuna kaulana loa ma ka mōʻaukala ʻo Antarctic ʻo ia ka "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration" (ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20). ʻO nā inoa e like me Robert Falcon Scott, Roald Amundsen, a me Ernest Shackleton i hōʻailona i ka makemake o ke kanaka e lanakila i ka South Pole. No nā mea kālaihonua, ua hana kēia au i nā wahi a me nā mea hana i manaʻo pinepine ʻia he "kokoke" no ka mea ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kā lākou mau moʻolelo, akā naʻe, he mau mea kupanaha ko lākou mau koena.
He Hale Hōʻikeʻike i Paʻahau ʻia i ka Manawa
ʻO nā hale huakaʻi ma kekahi mau wahi, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Ross Sea, he mau "capsule manawa" kupaianaha. I loko, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā pahu, nā kini meaʻai, nā ʻōmole lāʻau lapaʻau, nā lako ʻepekema, nā lole huluhulu, nā kāmaʻa, a me nā moʻolelo a i ʻole nā ʻōpala e hōʻike ana i ka ʻenehana a me nā ʻano mea kūʻai aku o ia au.
He mea kūikawā nā hale e like me kēia no ka mea he nui nā mea e waiho mau ana ma kahi, me he mea lā ua haʻalele wale ko lākou poʻe noho. Hiki i nā mea kālaihonua a me nā mea mālama i ke aʻo ʻana i nā loina o ka huakaʻi: he aha ka meaʻai a lākou i lawe mai ai, pehea lākou i hoʻonohonoho ai i ko lākou wahi, he aha nā mea hana a lākou i manaʻo ai he mea nui, a pehea lākou i ola ai i nā mahana wela loa. Ma waho aʻe o ko lākou waiwai ʻepekema, loaʻa i kēia mau wahi ka manaʻo nui a me ka mōʻaukala—e pili ana i ka hakakā kanaka, ka hāʻule ʻana, a me ke koa.
He ʻIke "Liʻiliʻi" Koʻikoʻi
ʻAʻole nā mea kupanaha a pau he mau hale. I kekahi manawa, hiki i nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me nā puna, nā lepili kini, nā koena kukui, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lole ke hōʻike i nā mea he nui: ke olakino o ka hui, nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole, ke komo ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā loli i nā hoʻolālā ola. I nā wahi koʻikoʻi loa, hiki i nā hoʻoholo liʻiliʻi—e like me ke ʻano o ka wahie a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā kāmaʻa—ke ʻano o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ola a me ka make. Kōkua ka ʻepekema ʻana iā mākou e ʻike i nā huakaʻi ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he mau moʻolelo nui, akā, he mau ʻike kanaka maoli.
ʻO ka ʻAkeoloke Hou: Nā Kikowaena Noiʻi a me ka "Hoʻoilina" o ke kenekulia 20
Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua komo ʻo Antarctica i kahi au o ka noiʻi ʻepekema ikaika. Ua kūkulu ʻia nā kikowaena noiʻi he nui, ua haʻalele ʻia kekahi a ua pani ʻia, a ua hana ʻia kekahi i nā hoʻoponopono nui. Ua hāʻawi kēia i nā ʻano wahi archaeological like ʻole: nā koena o nā ʻōnaehana hou e like me nā kahua mokulele liʻiliʻi, nā hale kūʻai, nā pahu wahie, nā lako kamaʻilio, nā kaʻa hau kahiko, a me nā puʻu ʻōpala "mōʻaukala".
ʻO ka mea hoihoi, hiki i nā ʻōpala ke lilo i mea hana lima. Hiki i nā puʻu o nā kini, nā ʻōmole, nā ʻāpana mīkini, a me nā mea hana hale ke hōʻike i nā koena o ka ʻenehana, nā hana hoʻohana, a pehea i loli ai nā kūlana kaiapuni i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. ʻO ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau—no ka laʻana, ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻōpala ma kahi kikoʻī—ua manaʻo ʻia he mea weliweli i ka ʻōnaehana ola. No laila, ʻo nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka ʻeli honua ʻana o Antarctic e pili pinepine me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni: he aha nā mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia no nā kumu ecological, a he aha nā mea e mālama ʻia no ka waiwai mōʻaukala?
Nā Mea ʻIke Kūikawā: Mai ka Meaʻai i Kānana ʻia a hiki i nā ʻIke o ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
I ka nīnau ʻia ʻana "he aha nā mea kūikawā i loaʻa ma Antarctica?", ʻaʻole pinepine ka pane he gula a he mau momi paha, akā, he mau mea kanaka maoli nō:
1. Nā kini meaʻai a me nā ʻōmole mai ke kenekulia 19/20: hōʻike i nā ʻano hoʻolako, nā ʻenehana mālama a me nā hōʻailona kālepa i hoʻopili iā Antarctica i ka ʻoihana honua.
2. Nā lako ʻepekema kahiko: nā ana wela, nā barometer, nā mea hana aniau, nā kāmela mua, a me nā lako palapala ʻāina, e hōʻike ana i nā holomua i ka ʻepekema kahua.
3. Nā lole a me nā lako ola: nā papa hulu hipa, nā mikina lima, nā kāmaʻa, nā maka aniani pale, a me nā hoʻololi i hana lima ʻia e kōkua i nā mea kālaihonua e hoʻomaopopo i nā hoʻololi kanaka.
4. Graffiti, nā inoa i kākau ʻia, a i ʻole nā memo liʻiliʻi: i kekahi manawa loaʻa ma ka lāʻau a i ʻole nā paia o nā hale liʻiliʻi—nā hōʻailona noʻonoʻo o ka luhi, ka manaʻolana, a i ʻole nā māka o ke alo.
5. Nā koena o ka lumi kuke a me kahi moe: ke ʻano o ka hale liʻiliʻi, nā leo o ke "ola o kēlā me kēia lā" e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana he mau hana maʻamau liʻiliʻi ka mōʻaukala nui.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona kū hoʻokahi nā kūlana mālama. Ma kekahi mau wahi, hiki i nā mea olaola e like me ka lāʻau a i ʻole nā lole ke ola lōʻihi ma mua o nā aniau hau. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ko lākou palupalu, ke hōʻike ʻia nā wahi i nā loli hau a i ʻole nā hana kanaka o kēia wā, hiki ke hana koke ʻia ka palaho.
Nā Pilikia Noiʻi: Ke Aniau, Nā Loina, a me ka Palekana o ka Paena
ʻOi aku ka hana ʻana i ka ʻeli ʻana ma Antarctica ma mua o ka ʻeli wale ʻana i ka lepo. ʻO nā pilikia nui e pili ana i nā logistics pipiʻi, nā kau hana pōkole, a me nā pilikia palekana. He mamao loa nā wahi he nui mai nā kikowaena noiʻi, a pono e hoʻēmi nā hana a pau i kona hopena i ke kaiapuni.
Aia kekahi mau pilikia kānāwai kūpono a me nā pilikia o ka honua. Hoʻokele ʻia ʻo Antarctica ma o kahi ʻōnaehana honua e hoʻoikaika ana i nā hoʻohana maluhia a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu—e like me nā hale huakaʻi—pono nā kulekele mālama koʻikoʻi. I ka hana maoli, pono nā hui mālama e kaulike i ʻekolu mau pilikia koʻikoʻi: ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka wahi, ka pale ʻana i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni, a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kipa kanaka (me ka mākaʻikaʻi) e pale aku i ka pōʻino.
Ka Hoʻololi ʻana o ke Aniau a me ka Wā e Hiki Mai Ana o ka ʻAnatika Antartika
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui i kēia lā, ʻo ia ka loli o ke aniau. I ka wā e heheʻe ai ka hau, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana o ke kahua no ka manawa mua ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi—e hāʻawi ana i ka manawa kūpono no nā ʻike hou. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia ʻike ʻana kekahi e pili ana i nā pilikia: hiki i ka lāʻau i pale mua ʻia ke pala koke, hiki i ka metala ke popo wikiwiki, a hiki i nā hale ke lilo i mea paʻa ʻole ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina hau.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole wale ka loli o ke aniau he pilikia kaiapuni, akā he pilikia mālama hoʻoilina moʻomeheu hoʻi. Ke hana nui nei ka ʻimi ʻana o ka ʻeli honua ʻo Antarctic ma ke ʻano he "mea mālama hoʻomanaʻo" - e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā wahi i ka wikiwiki loa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palapala ʻāina kikohoʻe, ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻekiʻe, ka nānā ʻana 3D, a me nā ʻano hana ʻole e hoʻopilikia ai e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino.
Pani
ʻAʻole paha e hōʻike ka ʻeli honua ma Antarctica i nā pyramid a i ʻole nā luakini kahiko, akā ʻo ia kahi i kū hoʻokahi ai. He kapuaʻi kanaka ʻōpiopio akā koʻikoʻi kēia ʻāina: nā moʻolelo o nā huakaʻi hahai holoholona i hoʻololi i nā ʻōnaehana ola, nā huakaʻi koa i hoʻāʻo i nā palena o ke ahonui, a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema i hoʻohālikelike i ko mākou ʻike i ka honua. ʻO nā mea i loaʻa kūikawā ma Antarctica he mau mea o kēlā me kēia lā—nā kini, nā kāmaʻa, nā mea ana, nā memo—hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau ma kahi ʻē aʻe, akā ma ka lihi o ka honua e hōʻike leo ʻole i nā hakakā a me nā koho kanaka.
Ma kēlā me kēia mea hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o nā makani polar, ʻike mākou i kahi ʻano o mākou iho: ka hoihoi, ka makemake nui, ke kūpaʻa, a me ka hopena. Ke aʻo mai nei ʻo Antarctica iā mākou ʻaʻole i kākau mau ʻia ka mōʻaukala e nā kūlanakauhale nui a me nā aupuni kahiko—i kekahi manawa ua hana ʻia ia me nā hale liʻiliʻi i loko o ka hau, a me nā mea maʻalahi i waiho ʻia e ola.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i ʻoi aku ka ʻepekema (me nā ʻāpana hana a me nā kuhikuhi), a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka kaulana me kahi kaila moʻolelo huakaʻi.
