Lissafi na Bukatun Kayan Aiki don Tsarin Siminti Mai Ƙarfafawa
Lissafin buƙatun kayan gini don gina siminti mai ƙarfi muhimmin mataki ne a cikin tsarawa da aiwatar da ayyukan gini. Lissafi masu inganci za su shafi ingancin farashi, sayayya a kan lokaci, da ingancin aiki a fagen. Karancin kayan aiki na iya jinkirta aiki, yayin da ƙarin kayan aiki ke haifar da haɗarin ƙara farashi, haifar da sharar gida, da ƙara yawan ajiya. Wannan labarin ya tattauna manyan ra'ayoyi, matakan lissafi, da misalan hanyoyin gama gari don ƙididdige buƙatun kayan gini don abubuwan gini masu ƙarfi.
1. Abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin simintin da aka ƙarfafa
Gabaɗaya, gine-ginen simintin da aka ƙarfafa sun ƙunshi manyan rukunoni guda biyu na kayan aiki:
1. Siminti: cakuda siminti, takin zamani (yashi), takin zamani (tsakuwa/dutse da aka niƙa), ruwa, da kuma ƙarin kayan aiki (haɗe-haɗe). Bukatun siminti yawanci ana ƙididdige su a cikin raka'o'in girma (m³).
2. Ƙarfin ƙarfe: ya ƙunshi babban ƙarfafawa, ƙarfafa yanke (stirrups/spirals), da ƙarfafa rarrabawa ko ƙarfafa raguwa. an ƙididdige ƙarfe a cikin raka'o'in nauyi (kg ko tan) da tsayi (m).
Bugu da ƙari, akwai kayan tallafi kamar aikin tsari (itace, plywood, sifofin ƙarfe), ragar waya, masu sarari, da mahaɗin curing. Duk da haka, babban abin da ake mayar da hankali a kai a lissafin kayan simintin da aka ƙarfafa yawanci shine girman siminti da nauyin ƙarfen ƙarfafawa.
2. Ka'idojin asali na lissafin ƙarar siminti
Lissafin girman siminti yana bin tsarin girman siminti na abubuwan gini . Wasu abubuwan da aka lissafa sune:
– Slab: Ƙarar = tsawon × faɗi × kauri
– Haske: Ƙarar = tsayi × faɗi × tsayi (ko girman giciye na katako)
– Ginshiƙi: Ƙara = yankin giciye × tsayi
– Tushen ƙafa: Ƙara = tsayi × faɗi × kauri (ko siffar trapezoidal/mataki bisa ga ƙira)
Da zarar an tantance girman simintin, masu tsara shirye-shirye galibi suna ƙara sharar gida ko jure wa filin. Adadin ya dogara ne da sarkakiyar aikin da hanyar yin siminti, amma gabaɗaya yana kusan kashi 2-5% don aikin da aka tsara da kuma sarrafawa kuma yana iya zama mafi girma idan yanayin filin bai dace ba.
Misali kaɗan
Misali, fale-falen bene mai girman mita 10 × mita 8 tare da kauri mita 0,12:
– Ƙarar = 10 × 8 × 0,12 = 9,6 m³
Idan sharar gida ta kai kashi 3%:
– Girman ƙira = 9,6 × 1,03 = 9,888 m³ ≈ 9,89 m³
3. Canza girman siminti zuwa buƙatun kayan aiki (siminti, yashi, tsakuwa, ruwa)
A fagen, Ana iya samun siminti ta hanyoyi biyu babban:
1. Simintin da aka haɗa: ana bayyana buƙatun ne kawai a cikin m³ gwargwadon inganci (misali K-250, fc' 20 MPa, da sauransu).
2. Simintin da aka haɗa a wurin (wanda aka haɗa a wurin): ana buƙatar rarraba girman simintin zuwa buƙatun kayan aiki.
Don haɗa wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, buƙatun kayan sun dogara ne akan ƙirar haɗin. Hanya mai sauƙi sau da yawa tana amfani da teburin haɗin kowace 1 m³ na siminti. A matsayin jagora na gaba ɗaya (ƙimar na iya bambanta dangane da ƙa'idodi, kayan aiki, da maƙasudin inganci), buƙatun kowace 1 m³ na siminti mai matsakaicin matsayi na iya kasancewa daga:
– Siminti: 300–400 kg
– Yashi: 0,45–0,55 m³
– Tsakuwa: 0,70–0,85 m³
– Ruwa: lita 160–210
Saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin waɗannan, ya fi kyau a yi amfani da dabarar haɗa aiki ko ƙirar haɗa kayan aiki na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, don ƙiyasin kasafin kuɗi na farko (RAB), galibi ana amfani da hanyar tebur.
Zane na hanyar
Idan an yi amfani da kilogiram 350 na siminti, yashi 0,5 m³, tsakuwa 0,8 m³, lita 180 na ruwa ga mita 1 na siminti, to ga mita 9,89:
– Siminti = 9,89 × 350 = 3.461,5 kg ≈ tan 3,46 (≈ 69 zak @ 50 kg)
– Yashi = 9,89 × 0,5 = 4,945 m³
– Tsakuwa = 9,89 × 0,8 = 7,912 m³
– Ruwa = 9,89 × 180 = lita 1.780,2
Ƙara kayan sharar gida idan ya cancanta, musamman yashi da tsakuwa (misali 5-10%) saboda yadda ake sarrafa su da kuma asarar da ake samu a filin.
4. Lissafi na buƙatun ƙarfe na ƙarfafawa
Sabanin siminti wanda aka yi shi bisa ga girma, ana ƙididdige ƙarfe mai ƙarfafawa daga:
- adadin sanduna,
- tsawon kowace sanda,
- diamita mai ƙarfi,
- nauyi a kowace mita (kg/m).
4.1 Nauyin ƙarfafawa a kowace mita
Yawanci ana ɗaukar nauyin ƙarfe na musamman shine 7.850 kg/m³. A aikace, ana iya ƙididdige kimanin nauyin ƙarfafawa a kowace mita ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
Nauyi (kg/m) = 0,006165 × d²
d a cikin mm.
Misali:
– D10: 0,006165 × 10² = 0,6165 kg/m
– D13: 0,006165 × 13² = 1,042 kg/m
– D16: 0,006165 × 16² = 1,579 kg/m
– D19: 0,006165 × 19² = 2,224 kg/m
Wannan ƙimar tana kusa da teburin da masu ƙididdigewa ke amfani da shi akai-akai.
4.2 Matakai don ƙididdige buƙatun ƙarfafawa
1. Gano siffar tsarin: diamita, lamba, tazara, da tsawon wurin da aka sanya ko kuma wurin da aka haɗa.
2. Lissafa tsawon ƙarfafawar raga bisa ga girman abubuwan sannan a ƙara:
- tsawon ƙugiya (ƙugiya) idan akwai,
- tsawon rarrabawa,
- tsawon haɗin gwiwa,
- ƙarin don lanƙwasawa.
3. Lissafa jimillar tsawon = adadin sanduna × tsawon kowace sanda.
4. Canzawa zuwa nauyi = jimlar tsawon × nauyi a kowace mita.
5. Ƙara sharar gida (galibi kashi 3–7%) ga yankewa da tarkace.
Misalin ra'ayi na block
Misali, katako mai tsawon mita 6 yana da ci gaba da ƙarfafa babban tushe na ƙasa mai lamba 4D16. A ɗauka cewa kowace sanda tana buƙatar ƙarin mita 0,4 na haɓakawa a kowane ƙarshen (wannan don dalilai na zane ne kawai; ainihin ƙimomin suna ƙarƙashin buƙatun ƙira).
– Tsawon kowace sanda = 6 + 0,4 + 0,4 = 6,8 m
– Jimlar tsawon = 4 × 6,8 = 27,2 m
– Nauyi D16 = 1,579 kg/m
– Jimlar nauyi = 27,2 × 1,579 = 42,95 kg
Ga masu yin stirrups, yawanci lissafi shine:
– ƙayyade adadin stirups = (tsawo mai tasiri / tazara) + 1,
– ƙididdige tsawon ƙwanƙwasa 1 = kewayen raga + ƙarin ƙugiya,
- ninka, sannan a canza ta da nauyi a kowace mita.
5. Abubuwan da galibi ake mantawa da su a kiyasi
Domin a ƙididdige buƙatun kayan aiki daidai, ya kamata a yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan:
1. Kauri na murfin siminti yana shafar girman fili na abubuwan motsa jiki da kuma tsawon ƙarfin ƙarfafawa.
2. Tsawon haɗin da aka haɗa da kuma na cinya na iya ƙara yawan amfani da ƙarfe sosai, musamman ga dogayen abubuwa.
3. Bambanci a cikin tsawon sandar masana'anta na yau da kullun (yawanci mita 12). Yankewa daga sandar mita 12 yana haifar da tarkace wanda ba koyaushe ake amfani da shi ba.
4. Canje-canje ga ƙirar filin (zanen shago) kamar buɗewar ma'auni, canje-canje ga bayanan haɗi, ko buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfafawa.
5. Ingancin tsarin aiki da hanyar yin siminti yana shafar sharar siminti (zubar da ruwa, ɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da sauransu).
6. Nau'in ƙarfafawa (marar layi/zare) da yanayin lanƙwasawa waɗanda ke shafar cikakkun bayanai na tsawon ƙugiya.
6. Hanyoyi masu amfani: sake maimaitawa da jadawalin lanƙwasa sanduna (BBS)
Don ƙarin ayyukan da aka tsara, ana ƙididdige buƙatun ƙarfafawa ta amfani da Jadawalin Lanƙwasa Bar (BBS), wanda shine jerin ƙarfafawa wanda ya ƙunshi:
- lambar barcode,
- siffar,
- diamita,
- tsawon yankewa,
- adadin,
- jimlar tsawon,
- jimillar nauyi.
Tare da BBS, siyan ƙarfe ya zama mafi daidaito, yana sauƙaƙa ƙera shi da rage sharar gida. Don siminti, ana tattara bayanai masu yawa a kowane abu (ginshiƙai, katako, fale-falen dutse, matakala) a kowane bene ko kowane yanki na siminti don daidaita shi da jerin simintin.
7. Kammalawa
Lissafin buƙatun kayan gini na siminti mai ƙarfi ya dogara ne akan abubuwa biyu: girman siminti da nauyin ƙarfe mai ƙarfafawa. Ana ƙididdige girman siminti daga abubuwan geometric kuma an ƙara ma'aunin sharar gida mai ma'ana. A halin yanzu, ana ƙididdige buƙatun ƙarfafawa daga zane-zanen tsari dalla-dalla (adadi, diamita, tazara, da ƙugiya da cikakkun bayanai na haɗi) sannan a mayar da su zuwa nauyi ta amfani da nauyin kowace mita. Don ƙara daidaito da rage sharar gida, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da BBS don ƙarfafawa da sake duba girma a kowane yanki na siminti. A matakan farko, ƙididdigewa mai tsauri na iya amfani da hanyar tebur, amma yayin da aiwatarwa ke gabatowa, ƙididdigewa dole ne ya koma ga zane-zanen aiki na ƙarshe da cikakkun bayanai na tsare-tsare don tabbatar da sayayya mafi inganci, aiki mafi inganci, da kuma kula da ingancin tsari.
