Cibiyar sadarwa ta Gurumuda
Diffraction gratings - matsaloli da mafita
1. An haska wani rami mai ɗauke da ramuka 4000 a kowace santimita da haske mai kama da na monochromatic kuma yana samar da layi mai haske na biyu a kusurwar 30°. Menene tsawon hasken da aka yi amfani da shi? (1 Å = 10 -10 m)
An sani:
Nisa tsakanin tsage-tsage (d) = 1 / (tsage-tsage 4000 / cm) = 0.00025 cm = 2.5 x 10 -4 cm = mita 2.5 x 10 -6
Umarni (n) = 2
Zunubi 30 o = 0.5
1 Å = 10 -10 m
Haɗuwa Masu Rashin Nasaba
Dokar kiyaye makamashin motsi ba ta aiki a karo na inelastic. Dokar kiyaye kuzarin motsi tana aiki a karo na inelastic idan babu wani ƙarfi na waje da ke aiki akan abubuwa biyu da suka yi karo. A karo na inelastic, abubuwa biyu suna mannewa tare ko kuma suna haɗe da juna bayan karo.
Misali tambaya ta 1.
Abubuwa biyu suna da nauyin iri ɗaya, wato 1 kg. Abu na 1 yana tafiya akan jirgin sama mai faɗi a gudun 10 m/s kuma ya yi karo da abu na biyu wanda yake hutawa. Bayan karo, abubuwa biyu sun manne tare. Menene saurin abubuwa biyu bayan karo?
karo mai laushi kaɗan
A cikin karo na ɗan lokaci, dokar kiyaye ƙarfin motsi tana aiki, yayin da dokar kiyaye ƙarfin motsi ba ta aiki. A lokacin da karo ya faru, wani makamashin motsi yana canzawa zuwa makamashin sauti, makamashin zafi, da makamashin ciki. Amfani da kalmar elastic yana nuna cewa bayan karo, abubuwa biyu ba sa mannewa tare amma suna tashi sama.
Misalin karo mai sassauƙa shine karo mai girma ɗaya na duwatsu biyu ko ƙwallan wurin wanka guda biyu.
Kiyaye ƙarfin layin layi
Dokar kiyaye ƙarfin motsi na layi ta bayyana cewa idan babu wani ƙarfin waje da ke aiki akan abubuwa biyu da suka haɗu, ƙarfin abubuwan kafin karo ya yi daidai da ƙarfin abubuwan bayan karo.
p 1 + p 2 = p 1 ' + p 2 ' …………………….. Daidaito 1.4
m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = m 1 v 1 '+ m 2 v 2 '
Idan bayan karo, dukkan abubuwa biyu sun manne tare,
m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = (m 1 + m 2 ) v'
Cikakkun karo masu roba
Haɗarin abubuwa biyu ana kiransa haɗarin roba idan ƙarfin motsi ko kuzarin motsi na kowane abu kafin haɗarin ya yi daidai da ƙarfin motsi da kuzarin motsi na kowane abu bayan haɗarin. A wata ma'anar, kiyaye dokar motsi da kiyaye dokar kuzarin motsi suna aiki a cikin haɗarin roba mai kyau. Amfani da kalmar roba yana nuna cewa bayan haɗarin, abubuwa biyu ba sa mannewa ko kuma ba sa haɗewa da juna amma suna tashi. Ana kiyaye ƙarfin kowane abu.
Ana kiyaye ƙarfin kowane abu.
Ka'idar makamashin aiki-injini
Ka'idar makamashin aiki-kinetic ta bayyana cewa aikin yanar gizo ko aikin da ƙarfin yanar gizo ya yi daidai yake da canjin kuzarin motsi.
W net = ZUWA t – ZUWA o = 1⁄2 m(v t 2 – v o 2 )
W net = Akwai nau'ikan ƙarfi guda biyu, wato ƙarfin ra'ayin mazan jiya, da kuma ƙarfin da ba na ra'ayin mazan jiya ba. Don haka, ana iya ɗaukar aikin yanar gizo a matsayin aikin da rundunar ra'ayin mazan jiya ke yi da kuma aikin da rundunar da ba ta ra'ayin mazan jiya ke yi.
W c + W nc = ΔKE
Aikin da ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke yi Makamashi mai yuwuwa
Ka lura da wani abu wanda ke motsawa a tsaye sama sannan ya koma matsayinsa na farko bayan ya kai matsakaicin tsayi. Lokacin da abin yake motsawa a tsaye sama, nauyi yana yin aiki mara kyau akan abin. Lokacin da abin yake motsawa sama, tsayin abin yana ƙaruwa. Saboda haka, kuzarin ƙarfin nauyi na abu shima yana ƙaruwa. Za a iya kammala cewa aikin mara kyau da nauyi yayi daidai da ƙaruwar ƙarfin ƙarfin nauyi na abu (PE).
Rundunar 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya da rundunar da ba ta ra'ayin mazan jiya ba
1. Rundunar 'Yan Ra'ayin Mazan Jiya
1.1 Nauyi (w)
Ka lura da wani abu da ke motsawa a tsaye har zuwa sama mafi tsayi kafin ka matsa ƙasa zuwa wurin da ya fara. Idan kana motsawa a tsaye ta hanyar h, nauyin yana akasin alkiblar da ke fitowa daga motsi. Don haka, nauyin yana aiki mara kyau akan abu.
W = wh (ko 180 o ) = – wh = – mgh
Bayan ya kai tsayin da ya kai, abu yana tafiya ƙasa zuwa matsayinsa na farko da h. Lokacin da yake tafiya ƙasa, nauyin yana kan alkibla ɗaya da na ƙaura. Domin yana kan alkibla ɗaya da na ƙaura, nauyin yana aiki mai kyau.
Ka'idar Makamashin Aiki-Kinetic
Idan ƙarfin yanar gizo ya yi aiki a kan wani abu, abu yana fuskantar hanzari (abin yana fuskantar ƙaura). Lokacin da abu ya fuskanci hanzari, saurin abu yana canzawa. A wata ma'anar, aikin da ƙarfin yanar gizo ya yi yana da alaƙa da saurin farko da na ƙarshe na abu.
Aikin da ake yi akan wani abu ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin net mai ɗorewa shine:
W net = ΣF s
Dokar Newton ta biyu ta bayyana cewa idan akwai ƙarfin da ke aiki a kan wani abu, abin yana fuskantar hanzari.
An yi aikin da ƙarfi
1.1 Ma'anar Aiki
Idan ka tura littafi a saman teburi har sai littafin ya koma gefe, za a ce ka yi aiki a kan littafin. Idan wani abu ya faɗi ƙasa saboda jan ƙarfin nauyi, ana cewa ƙarfin nauyi ya yi aiki a kan abin. Akasin haka, idan ka tura wani abu da dukkan ƙarfinka har sai ka yi gumi sosai, amma abin bai motsa ba kwata-kwata, ana cewa ba ka yi wani aiki a kan abin ba. A rayuwar yau da kullun, mutane za su iya cewa ka yi aiki tuƙuru ta hanyar tura abin amma a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ba ka yin aiki a kan abin ba saboda babu wani motsi na abin.