Labari game da Cajin Wutar Lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin zarra
Don Allah ku lura da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kewaye da ku. Idan kun lalata wani abu, misali, dutse ne, dutsen zai raba zuwa ƙananan guntu. Idan aka sake lalata ɓangaren dutsen, guntuwar dutsen za ta koma ƙananan guntu. Me zai faru idan aka sake lalata dutsen? Hakika, dutsen ya fi ƙanƙanta. Shin za a iya lalata duwatsu zuwa ƙanƙanta zuwa ƙananan guntu marasa iyaka? Gaskiyar magana ita ce cewa abu da aka raba zuwa ƙanƙanta zai isa inda ba za a iya raba ƙaramin ɓangaren abu zuwa ƙanƙanta ba. Mafi ƙanƙantar ɓangaren abu da ba za a iya raba shi ba ana kiransa atom. Don haka, atoms sune mafi ƙanƙantar ɓangaren kowane abu a cikin sararin samaniya.
Atoms sun ƙunshi electrons, protons, da neutrons. Protons da neutrons suna samar da atom nucleus waɗanda tsawonsu ya kai kimanin mita 10-15. Elektrons suna wajen nucleus kuma suna motsawa a kusa da nucleus na taurari kamar atom suna motsawa a kusa da rana. Idan aka ɗauka cewa diamita na atom ɗin yana da 'yan kilomita kaɗan, to atom nucleus ɗin girman ƙwallon billiard ne,
kuma electrons suna tsakanin tsakiya kuma suna isa nisan kimanin mita 10 -10 daga tsakiya. Tsakanin tsakiya da electron, akwai sarari.
Ana samun electrons masu caji mara kyau a gefen atoms kuma protons masu caji mara kyau suna cikin atom nucleus. Domin electrons su ci gaba da zagayawa cikin nucleus kuma kada su tsere daga atom, atom nucleus mai caji mai kyau dole ne ya yi amfani da karfi mai jan hankali akan electron. Ƙarfin da ke jan electrons don su zauna a kusa da nucleus kuma ba za a iya raba su da atom ba ana kiransa ƙarfin lantarki.
A gefe guda kuma, a cikin kwayar halittar atom, akwai protons masu caji mai kyau don haka protons dole ne su kore juna saboda irin wannan cajin. Domin protons su ci gaba da kasancewa tare a cikin kwayar halittar kuma ba su rabu da kwayar halittar ba, dole ne a sami ƙarfin da ke haɗa protons. Ƙarfin da ke haɗa protons don su kasance tare a cikin kwayar halittar atom ana kiransa ƙarfin nukiliya.
Nauyin proton kusan iri ɗaya ne da na neutron. Kimanin kashi 99.9% na nauyin atomic yana tsakiya ne akan kwayar atom, yayin da electrons ke da ƙananan taro. Nauyin electron (me) = 9.1093897 x 10 -31 kg, nauyin neutron (mn) = 1.6749286 x 10 -27 kg, nauyin proton (mp) = 1.6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Adadin wutar lantarki
Electrons suna da mummunan suna, protons suna da kyau, kuma neutrons suna da tsaka tsaki. Protons ko neutrons sun ƙunshi quarks, waɗanda ke da ± 1/3 da ± 2/3 sau na cajin electrons. Quarks su ne ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke samar da atoms, amma zuwa yanzu, ba a gano quarks suna tsayawa su kaɗai a matsayin ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya ba.
Adadin cajin lantarki ko cajin proton shine babban sashin caji. Cajin lantarki na wani abu shine yawan cajin electron ko cajin proton. Wannan ana kiransa cajin da aka ƙididdige. Misali, idan ƙaramin ɓangaren kuɗin da muke amfani da shi shine 1, to adadin kuɗin da mutum ya faɗi a cikin ninki mafi ƙanƙanta shine 1. Misali, adadin kuɗina shine 2 da 3.
Adadin cajin lantarki shine –e kuma girman cajin proton shine +e. Adadin cajin abu shine ninki na e ko 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb kuma ana iya bayyana shi ta Q = ± Ne. Q = adadin caji, ± yana wakiltar nau'in caji, N = lamba, e = 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Cajin lantarki a cikin abubuwa
Idan kwayar zarra tana da yawan electrons kamar proton, to jimillar wutar lantarki a cikin kwayar zarra sifili ne, kuma wannan kwayar zarra tsaka-tsaki ce ko kuma ba ta da wutar lantarki. Adadin protons ko electrons a cikin kwayar zarra tsaka-tsaki ana kiranta lambar atom (Z). Idan electrons sun fi proton yawa, to kwayar zarra tana da wutar lantarki mara kyau. Akasin haka, idan electrons sun yi ƙasa da protons, ana cajin su da wutar lantarki mara kyau. Ana kiran atoms masu cajin da ba su da wutar lantarki mara kyau ions, yayin da atoms masu cajin da ba su da wutar lantarki mara kyau ana kiransu ions masu kyau. Tsarin karɓar ko sakin electrons daga kwayar zarra ana kiransa ionization. Idan muka ce, ana cajin atom, abin da ake nufi shine cajin da ba su da wutar lantarki mara kyau. Misali, kwayar zarra tana da electrons 10 da protons 7. Wannan kwayar zarra tana da wutar lantarki mara kyau saboda tana da fiye da electrons 3. Don haka, cajin da ba su da wutar lantarki mara kyau shine 3, kuma wannan nau'in cajin atom mara kyau ne. Hotuna na 3, 7, 10 misalai ne kawai don sauƙaƙe fahimta. A zahiri, adadin cajin lantarki na wani abu yana da yawan cajin electron ko cajin proton.
Idan abu yana da electrons da yawa kamar protons, to abu yana tsaka-tsaki ko kuma ba shi da caji ta hanyar lantarki. Idan abu yana da electrons da yawa fiye da proton, abu yana da caji mara kyau, yayin da idan abu yana da electrons kaɗan fiye da proton, abu yana da caji mara kyau. Abubuwan da suka kasance tsaka-tsaki da farko za a iya sanya su caji mara kyau ta hanyar ƙara electrons zuwa abu. In ba haka ba, ana iya sanya abubuwa su zama caji mara kyau ta hanyar rage electrons a cikin abu.
