Ƙarfin Haɗin kai da Mannewa
Ƙarfin haɗin kai ƙarfin jan hankali ne tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin wani abu makamancin haka, yayin da ƙarfin jan hankali tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta na wani abu mara daidaito ake kira Ƙarfin Mannewa. Misali, muna zuba ruwa a cikin gilashi. Haɗin kai yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin ruwa ke jawo hankalin juna, yayin da mannewa ke faruwa lokacin da ƙwayoyin ruwa da ƙwayoyin gilashi ke jawo hankalin juna.
kusurwar lamba
Kafin mu koyi manufar Capillarity, da farko za mu fahimci yadda tasirin ƙarfin mannewa da ƙarfin haɗin kai ke kan capillarity. Misali, za mu sake duba ruwan da ke cikin gilashi. Lokacin da ƙarfin haɗin kai na kwayar ruwa ya fi ƙarfin mannewa (ƙarfin ja tsakanin kwayar ruwa da kwayar gilashi) saman ruwan zai samar da lanƙwasa sama. Misali na wannan yanayin shine lokacin da ruwan yake cikin gilashi. Yawanci, ana cewa ruwa yana jiƙa saman gilashin. Akasin haka, idan ƙarfin mannewa ya fi ƙarfi, to saman ruwan zai lanƙwasa ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da mercury yake cikin gilashi.
Kusurwar da lanƙwasa ta samar ana kiranta kusurwar hulɗa. Idan ƙarfin haɗin ruwa ya fi ƙarfin mannewa, kusurwar hulɗa da aka ƙirƙira gabaɗaya ba ta fi 90 ba.o (hoto a). Akasin haka, idan ƙarfin mannewa ya fi ƙarfin haɗin ruwa, kusurwar hulɗa da aka ƙirƙira ta fi 90 girma.o (siffa ta b). Ƙarfin mannewa da ƙarfin haɗin kai a ka'ida suna da wahalar ƙididdigewa, amma ana iya auna kusurwoyin hulɗa. Me ya shafi hakan da capillarity?
Tsarin Capillarity
Idan ƙarfin haɗin ruwan ya fi ƙarfin mannewa, saman ruwan zai lanƙwasa sama. Lokacin da muka saka bututu ko bututu mai siriri (bututu wanda diamitarsa ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da akwati), ruwan da ke cikin akwati yana tashi ta cikin ginshiƙin bututun. Wannan saboda ƙarfin jimlar matsin saman da ke kan bangon bututun yana aiki sama. Matsakaicin tsayin da ruwa zai iya samu shine lokacin da ƙarfin matsin saman ya yi daidai da nauyin ruwan da ke cikin bututun. Don haka, ruwan zai iya tashi ne kawai zuwa tsayi inda ƙarfin matsin saman ya daidaita da nauyin ruwan da ke cikin bututun.
Akasin haka, idan ƙarfin mannewa ya fi ƙarfin haɗin ruwa, saman ruwan zai lanƙwasa ƙasa. Lokacin da muka saka bututu ko bututu siriri (bututu mai ƙaramin diamita fiye da akwati), zai samar da ƙasan ruwan (duba hoton da ke ƙasa).
Ana kiran wannan tasirin da capillary, kuma siririn bututun ana kiransa capillary tube. Ku tuna cewa ƙananan jijiyoyin jininmu ana iya kiransu capillary pipes saboda zagayawar jini a ƙananan jijiyoyin jini yana faruwa ne saboda tasirin capillary. Haka kuma, abin da ke haifar da ƙaruwar narkewar kakin zuma ko kerosene ta cikin axis. Bugu da ƙari, ana kyautata zaton capillarity yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wucewar ruwa da abubuwa masu gina jiki daga tushen zuwa ga ganye ta cikin tasoshin xylem. Idan babu capillarity, saman ƙasa zai bushe nan da nan bayan ruwan sama. Wani muhimmin tasirin capillarity shine riƙe ruwa a cikin gibin da ke tsakanin barbashi na ƙasa.
Daidaito na Capillarity
Ta yaya za mu iya tantance tsayin ruwan da ke tashi ta cikin ginshiƙin bututun capillary? Tashi ruwa a cikin ginshiƙin bututun capillary, wanda ke da radius r har zuwa tsayin h. Ƙarfin da ke aiki wajen riƙe ruwan a tsayin h shine ɓangaren ƙarfin tashin hankali na saman a tsaye: F cos θ.
Saman bututun capillary a buɗe yake don a sami matsin lamba a saman ruwan. Tsawon saman taɓawa tsakanin ruwan da bututun shine 2πr (zagaye). Don haka, girman ƙarfin tashin hankali na saman abubuwan da ke aiki a tsaye a saman hulɗar sune:
F = Ƙarfin tashin hankali a saman, γ = Tashin hankali a saman, r = radius na bututun capillary, θ = Kusurwar hulɗa
Idan aka yi watsi da saman da ke lanƙwasa sama, yawan ruwan da ke cikin bututun shine:
Girman ruwa = yankin saman bututu x-tsawo na ruwan
V = A h
V = (π r 2 ) h
Idan bangaren tsaye na Ƙarfin Tashin Sama ya daidaita da nauyin ginshiƙin ruwa a cikin bututun capillary, to ruwan ba zai iya sake tashi ba. A wata ma'anar, ruwan zai kai matsakaicin tsayinsa, idan ɓangaren tsaye na ƙarfin tashin saman ya daidaita da nauyin ruwan, har zuwa h. Bangaren tsaye na ƙarfin tashin saman shine:
F = γ 2 π r cos θ
Duk da cewa nauyin ruwan da ke cikin bututun capillary shine:
w = mg
w = ρ V g
w = ρ (π r 2 h) g
Idan ruwan ya kai matsakaicin tsayinsa (h), dole ne bangaren tsaye na ƙarfin tashin hankali na saman ya yi daidai da nauyin ruwan a cikin bututun capillary. A lissafi, an rubuta:
Wannan ita ce lissafin da muke nema. Idan kuna son tantance tsayin ginshiƙin ruwa, da fatan za ku yi la'akari da amfani da wannan lissafin.
