Tarihin Fitilun Haske
Pendahuluan
Fitilun masu haske, waɗanda galibi ake rage su zuwa fitilun TL ko bututun haske, suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ci gaba a fasahar hasken wutar lantarki na ƙarni na 20. Tare da ingantaccen ingantaccen makamashi fiye da fitilun wutar lantarki na gargajiya, fitilun masu haske sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci wajen rage yawan amfani da makamashi a duniya da hayakin carbon. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika tarihin fitilun masu haske, tun daga ƙirƙira su na farko zuwa ci gaban su zuwa fasahar hasken da ake amfani da ita a yau.
Asalin Farko
Sanin hasken rana, wani abu da ke fitar da haske bayan shan makamashi, ya daɗe yana wanzuwa. A shekara ta 1852, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Birtaniya Sir George Stokes ya bayyana wannan lamari kuma ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "hasken rana."
Duk da haka, ra'ayin amfani da hasken rana a matsayin tushen haske bai fito ba sai a farkon karni na 20. A shekarar 1904, wani masanin kimiyya mai suna Peter Cooper Hewitt ya yi lasisin ƙira ta farko, wadda aka sani da fitilar mercury ko fitilar mercury-vapor. Wannan na'urar ta yi amfani da bututun injin da aka cika da tururin mercury, wanda, idan aka yi amfani da shi da wutar lantarki, ya samar da haske mai launin shuɗi-kore. Duk da cewa wannan fitilar tana da inganci, amma ba ta dace da amfani da ita a kullum ba saboda ƙarancin hasken da take da shi.
Ci gaban Farko
An ci gaba da ƙoƙarin inganta fasahar hasken haske mai haske. A shekarun 1920 da 1930, an samu ci gaba mai yawa a fannin ƙirƙirar fitilun haske masu haske. Wani babban mutum a cikin wannan ƙoƙarin shine Edmund Germer, injiniya ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Germer, tare da abokan aikinsa Friedrich Meyer da Hans Spanner, sun yi aiki a kan fitila mai haske wadda ke amfani da murfin phosphor don canza hasken ultraviolet da tururin mercury ke samarwa zuwa haske mai haske na halitta.
Ana ɗaukar takardar izinin mallakar da suka shigar a shekarar 1927 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tushen fasahar hasken rana ta zamani. Manyan kamfanoni kamar General Electric a Amurka sun fara fahimtar babban ƙarfin wannan binciken kuma suka fara bincike da haɓaka shi.
Kasuwanci da Daidaitawa
Duk da cewa an samu ci gaban fasahar hasken fluorescent a shekarun 1930, yakin duniya na biyu ya rage yawan kasuwancinsa. Duk da haka, tare da karuwar bukatar ingantaccen makamashi a lokacin yakin, hasken fluorescent ya fara samun karbuwa sosai. A shekarar 1938, kamfanin General Electric ya kaddamar da fitilar fluorescent ta farko ta kasuwanci, wadda aka fara samarwa da yawa.
Fa'idodin fitilun fluorescent dangane da ingancin makamashi da tsawon rai idan aka kwatanta da fitilun incandescent na gargajiya sun sa su zama zaɓi mafi kyau don amfani da masana'antu da wuraren aiki. Ofisoshi, makarantu, da masana'antu sun fara maye gurbin fitilunsu da fitilun fluorescent, wanda hakan ke ƙara yawan buƙatar waɗannan kayayyaki.
Kirkire-kirkire da Ingantawa
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, bincike da haɓaka fitilun fluorescent sun ci gaba. Amfani da nau'ikan phosphorus daban-daban ya ba da damar fitilu masu haske mafi kyau, kusa da hasken halitta. A shekarun 1950 da 1960, fitilun fluorescent da aka gyara launi suka fito. An ƙera waɗannan fitilun ne don inganta sake haifar da launi mara gamsarwa a baya, wanda hakan ya sa suka fi dacewa da yanayin aiki da gida.
Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne haɓaka ballasts na lantarki. Ballast na'urori ne da ke daidaita wutar lantarki a cikin fitilun fluorescent, kuma waɗannan ballasts na lantarki masu inganci sun maye gurbin ballasts na lantarki da suka tsufa, waɗanda ba su da inganci sosai.
Kalubalen Muhalli da Ka'idoji
Duk da haka, fitilun fluorescent ba su da wata jayayya da ƙalubale. Wata babbar matsala da fitilun fluorescent ke fuskanta ita ce yawan sinadarin mercury da suke da shi. Mercury sinadari ne mai guba wanda zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga muhalli idan ba a zubar da shi yadda ya kamata ba. Saboda haka, sarrafawa da sake amfani da fitilun fluorescent abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci.
Tare da ƙaruwar wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli da kuma tsauraran dokoki, an fara aiwatar da shirye-shirye daban-daban don rage tasirin fitilun fluorescent a muhalli. An ƙirƙiro fasahohin samarwa don rage yawan sinadarin mercury a cikin fitilun, yayin da aka gabatar da ingantattun tsarin sake amfani da su.
Makomar Hasken Haske Mai Haske
Tare da ci gaban fasahar haske, musamman zuwan fasahar LED (Light Emitting Diode), makomar hasken fluorescent tana fuskantar sabbin ƙalubale. LEDs suna ba da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da tsawon rai, kuma ba sa buƙatar mercury, wanda hakan ya sa suka zama zaɓi mafi dacewa ga muhalli.
Duk da haka, fitilun fluorescent har yanzu suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a aikace-aikace daban-daban. Wasu nau'ikan fitilun fluorescent, kamar Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs), har yanzu suna shahara a cikin hasken gidaje da na kasuwanci. Bugu da ƙari, manyan fitilun fluorescent har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a cikin hasken masana'antu da na kasuwanci.
Kammalawa
Tarihin hasken fitila mai haske yana nuna doguwar tafiya ta kirkire-kirkire a fasahar hasken wuta, tun daga farkon ra'ayoyin hasken rana zuwa ci gaban fitilar mercury ta Peter Cooper Hewitt, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa ci gaban fitilar haske ta zamani ta masana kimiyya kamar Edmund Germer. Duk da cewa hasken fitila mai haske muhimmin mafita ne a fannin hasken masana'antu da kasuwanci, yana kuma fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen muhalli.
Da zuwan sabbin fasahohin haske kamar LEDs, makomar hasken fluorescent na iya canzawa. Duk da haka, ba za a iya yin watsi da tasirinsa ga juyin halittar hasken zamani ba. Hasken fluorescent ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da haske mai inganci da aminci ga aikace-aikace iri-iri tsawon sama da ƙarni guda, kuma za a ci gaba da tunawa da gadonsa a cikin ƙirƙirar makamashi.
