Nazarin Rarraba Yanayin Zafin Teku a Cikin Abubuwan Da Suka Faru Tsakanin El Niño da La Niña
Pendahuluan
Zafin Saman Teku (SST) yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sigogi a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya. Teku yana adanawa da kuma fitar da ɗimbin makamashin zafi, don haka ƙananan canje-canje a cikin SST na iya haifar da canje-canje a zagayawar yanayi a matakin yanki zuwa na duniya. Dangane da yanayin zafi, nazarin SST yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a El Niño da La Niña, waɗanda suke ɓangare na tsarin ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). ENSO wani yanayi ne na yanayi wanda ke faruwa musamman a cikin Tekun Pacific na Equatorial kuma yana da babban tasiri akan ruwan sama, yanayin zafi na iska, iska, guguwar wurare masu zafi, da kuma yawan amfanin kamun kifi.
Wannan labarin ya tattauna yadda rarrabawar SST ke samuwa da canzawa a lokacin El Niño da La Niña, alamun da aka yi amfani da su don sa ido kan waɗannan abubuwan, hanyoyin zahiri da ke haɗa teku da yanayi, da kuma tasirinsu ga Yankin Indonesiya.
Ka'idoji na Asali Zafin Saman Teku da kuma rarrabawarta
SST shine zafin Layer ɗin matakin teku wanda gabaɗaya ana auna shi a zurfin milimita da yawa zuwa mita da yawa. Rarrabawar SST tana da tasiri ta hanyar hasken rana, ƙafewa, musayar zafi tare da yanayi, kwararar ruwa ta teku, da kuma tsarin gaurayawa saboda iska. A yankunan zafi, SST yawanci yana da zafi saboda yawan karɓar hasken rana a duk shekara. Duk da haka, ba duk yankuna ba ne. yanayin zafi na tropical yana da yanayin zafi iri ɗaya ne: kwararar ruwa ta teku, hazo, da kuma yanayin iska mai canzawa na iya haifar da "zubar" ruwan ɗumi da kuma wurare masu sanyi.
A Tekun Pacific mai faɗi, rarrabawar SST a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun ba ta da bambanci: ɓangaren yamma (kusa da Indonesia da Papua New Guinea) yana da ɗumi kaɗan, yayin da ɓangaren gabas (kusa da bakin tekun Peru-Ecuador) ya fi sanyi. Wannan rashin daidaito yana faruwa ne saboda iskar ciniki tana busawa daga gabas zuwa yamma, tana tilasta ruwan ɗumi ya taru a yammacin Pacific, yayin da ruwan sanyi ke tashi daga ƙananan yadudduka a gabashin Pacific.
ENSO: Dangantakar Teku da Yanayi
ENSO ba wai kawai wani abu ne da ba a saba gani ba zafin teku, amma a maimakon haka hulɗar hanyoyi biyu tsakanin teku da yanayi. Canje-canje a cikin SST suna shafar samuwar gajimare da cibiyoyin convection a cikin yanayin zafi. Akasin haka, canje-canje a cikin yanayin iska yana canza kwararar ruwa a saman, zurfin thermocline (iyaka tsakanin ruwan dumi da ruwan sanyi na ƙasa), da kuma ƙarfin hayaƙi.
A ƙarƙashin yanayi "tsaka-tsaki", cibiyar da ta fi aiki a cikin iska tana kan ɗumiyar yammacin Pacific. Tsarin Walker Circulation - wani tsari na zagayawa yanayi na gabas da yamma a wurare masu zafi - yana tura iska sama a kan wannan yanki mai dumi, sannan ya motsa gabas a cikin saman Layer, ya sauko kan gabashin Pacific, sannan ya koma yamma kusa da saman yayin da iskar ciniki ke ci gaba.
Rarraba SST yayin El Niño
El Niño yana da alaƙa da ɗumamar yanayi na SSTs a tsakiyar zuwa gabashin Pacific. Wannan ɗumamar yanayi yawanci ana iya ganinta a fili a yankin ma'aunin Niño, musamman Niño 3.4 (kimanin 5°N–5°S da 170°W–120°W), wanda galibi ana amfani da shi azaman alamar aiki.
Manyan Hanyoyin Jiki
1. Raunanawar iskar ciniki: Idan iskar ciniki ta yi rauni, tura ruwan ɗumi ta yamma tana raguwa. ruwa mai yawa Iska mai dumi wadda a da ta "taru" a yamma tana komawa tsakiya da gabas.
2. Canje-canje a cikin zurfin thermocline: Thermocline a gabashin Pacific yana ƙara zurfi, yana ba da damar ƙara yawan ruwa ya kawo ruwan ɗumi fiye da yadda aka saba. Sakamakon haka, sanyaya saman ƙasa a gabas ya ragu.
3. Ra'ayoyin Bjerknes: Dumamar SST a gabas tana sa convection ya koma gabas, yana ƙara raunana iskar ciniki. Ragewar iskar ciniki yana ƙara ɗumamar SST. Wannan yana haifar da kyakkyawan tsarin ra'ayi wanda ke ba da damar El Niño ta bunƙasa.
Tsarin Rarrabawa
A lokacin da El Niño ke kololuwa, "harshen ruwan dumi" ya fito daga tsakiyar Pacific zuwa gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka. Bambancin zafin yamma da gabas yana raguwa. A wurare daban-daban, alamun SST masu kyau na iya yaɗuwa kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa tsawon watanni. El Niños ba koyaushe iri ɗaya bane; akwai nau'ikan "Eastern Pacific El Niño" (mafi yawan ɗumamawa a gabas) da nau'ikan "Tsakiya Pacific/Modoki El Niño" (ƙarfin ɗumamawa a tsakiya), waɗanda ke da tasiri daban-daban akan yanayin yanayi na yanki.
Rarraba SST yayin La Niña
La Niña wani mataki ne na akasin haka, wanda ke da alaƙa da sanyayawar SSTs a tsakiyar zuwa gabashin Pacific. A lokacin La Niña, yanayin "na yau da kullun" yana ƙaruwa: yanayin zafi na yammacin Pacific yana ƙaruwa, kuma gabashin Pacific yana raguwa.
Manyan Hanyoyin Jiki
1. Ƙarfafa iskar ciniki: Iskar ciniki mai ƙarfi tana tura ruwan ɗumi zuwa yamma, tana ƙara yawan tarin ruwan ɗumi a kewayen Indonesia.
2. Ƙara yawan hayaƙi: A gabashin Pacific, iska mai ƙarfi tana ƙara yawan hayaƙi da ruwan sanyi ke haifarwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen (SSTs).
3. Ƙarfafa zagayawar Walker: Ci gaba da kwararar ruwa ya kasance mafi rinjaye a yamma, yana ƙaruwar ruwan sama a Indonesia da yankunan da ke kewaye, yayin da tsakiyar-gabashin Pacific ke bushewa sosai.
Tsarin Rarrabawa
La Niña tana da alaƙa da mummunan tasirin SST a faɗin yankin tsakiyar yankin Equatorial Pacific, wanda galibi ke samar da yanayin "sanyi" fiye da yanayin tsaka-tsaki. A halin yanzu, ruwan yammacin Pacific da Indonesia na iya fuskantar mummunan tasirin SST, wanda ke samar da isasshen makamashi don samuwar gajimare na ruwan sama.
Hanyar Kulawa da Binciken Rarraba SST
Nazarin rarrabawar SST akan ENSO gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi haɗakar bayanan lura. da kuma nazarin sararin samaniya-na ɗan lokaci:
1. Tauraron dan adam masu gano nesa: Na'urori masu auna infrared da microwave na iya nuna SST a duk duniya a cikin kyakkyawan ƙuduri. Bayanan tauraron dan adam Yana da mahimmanci a ga yadda aka rarraba abubuwan da ba su dace ba, yanayin zafin jiki, da kuma yadda aka samu ci gaba a kowane wata.
2. Buoys da Argo suna shawagi: Cibiyoyin sadarwa na Buoy kamar TAO/TRITON a cikin yankin Equatorial Pacific da Argo suna samar da bayanai game da zafin jiki har zuwa zurfin ɗaruruwan mita, suna taimakawa wajen tantance canje-canje a cikin thermocline da "ƙarin zafin teku."
3. ENSO Indices: Sau da yawa ana amfani da Niño 3.4 Index, Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), da Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) don tantance yanayin, ƙarfin, da tsawon lokacin El Niño/La Niña.
4. Matsalolin SST: Nazarin yawanci yana ƙididdige bambanci a cikin SST zuwa ilimin yanayi (matsakaicin dogon lokaci) don gano yanayin ɗumama/sanyi mara kyau.
A cikin bincike, ana amfani da zane-zane kamar taswirar SST, zane-zanen Hovmöller (lokaci vs. longitude), da kuma nazarin alaƙa da ruwan sama da iska na yanki da kuma iska don fahimtar alaƙar sararin samaniya ta ENSO.
Tasirin Rarraba ENSO SST akan Indonesia
Wurin da Indonesia take a yankin teku mai zafi yana da matuƙar damuwa ga canje-canje a cibiyoyin jigilar kaya. A lokacin El Niño, ɗumamar yanayi a tsakiyar gabashin Pacific yana canza tsakiyar samuwar gajimare daga Indonesia. Abubuwan da suka fi faruwa sun haɗa da raguwar ruwan sama, ƙaruwar yuwuwar fari, katsewar noma, da kuma yuwuwar gobarar daji da ƙasa. A wasu mawuyacin yanayi, lokacin rani na iya tsawaita kuma lokacin damina na iya farawa daga baya.
A akasin haka, a lokacin La Niña, ruwan da ke kewaye da Indonesia yana da zafi sosai, wanda ke fifita ƙafewa da samuwar gajimare. Wannan yana ƙara ruwan sama, yana ƙara haɗarin ambaliya da zaftarewar ƙasa, kuma yana haifar da ƙarin yanayi mai tsanani , kamar ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Duk da haka, tasirin da ke faruwa a Indonesia ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da ENSO ba; abubuwa kamar Dipole na Tekun Indiya (IOD), damina ta Asiya-Australia, da kuma yanayin yanayi na gida (yanayin ƙasa da kwararar ruwa na yanki) suma suna daidaita martanin.
Kammalawa
Rarraba zafin saman teku yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar ci gaban El Niño da La Niña saboda SST tana taka rawa kai tsaye wajen daidaita musayar makamashin teku da yanayi da kuma wurin da ake samun iskar zafi a wurare masu zafi. El Niño yana da alaƙa da ɗumamar yanayi na SST a tsakiyar yankin gabashin tekun Pacific saboda raunin iskar ciniki, zurfafa thermocline a gabas, da kuma ra'ayoyin Bjerknes. A gefe guda kuma, La Niña tana ƙarfafa yanayin zafin yamma da gabas ta hanyar ƙarfafa iskar ciniki da kuma hazo, wanda hakan ke sa yankin tekun Pacific ya zama wuri mai kyau ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. gabas tana da sanyi kuma ruwan Indonesiya yana da sanyi mai ɗumi sosai.
Sa ido kan ENSO ta hanyar taswirar SST, ma'aunin Niño 3.4/ONI, da kuma lura da ginshiƙai Ruwan teku ya zama tushe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga hasashen yanayi na yanayi. Ga Indonesia, fahimtar yadda SST ke yaɗuwa da ENSO yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don rage haɗarin fari, ambaliyar ruwa, rashin isasshen abinci, da sauran bala'o'in yanayi. Tare da ingantaccen bincike da haɗa bayanan tauraron ɗan adam da kuma lura a wurin, nazarin SST zai iya inganta daidaiton hasashen yanayi da kuma ƙarfafa juriyar al'umma ga bambancin yanayi.
