Nau'ikan Gilashin da ake Amfani da su wajen Yin Faifan Hasken Rana da kuma Makamashin da za a iya Sabuntawa
Ci gaban makamashin da ake sabuntawa yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin da duniya ke neman rage fitar da hayakin carbon da dogaro da man fetur. Ɗaya daga cikin fasahohin da suka fi saurin bunƙasa shine na'urorin hasken rana (photovoltaics/PV), domin suna iya mayar da hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki. Bayan aikin da aka gani a matsayin mai sauƙi na na'urorin hasken rana—zanen murabba'i mai kusurwa huɗu da aka ɗora a kan rufin gida ko sarari a buɗe—shine rawar wani abu mai mahimmanci, wanda galibi ba a kula da shi ba: gilashi.
Gilashi ba wai kawai "murfi" ne ga bangarorin hasken rana ba. Wani abu ne mai kariya da gani wanda ke tantance yawan haske da ke isa ga ƙwayoyin hasken rana, yadda bangarorin ke jure wa yanayi mai tsanani, da kuma tsawon lokacin da sassan za su iya aiki cikin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan labarin ya tattauna nau'ikan gilashin da aka saba amfani da su a masana'antar bangarorin hasken rana da kuma muhimmancinsu ga ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Me Yasa Gilashi Yake Da Muhimmanci A Fannin Hasken Rana?
Ana amfani da na'urorin hasken rana wajen fallasa muhalli na tsawon shekaru 20-30. Saboda haka, rufin saman dole ne ya cika wasu muhimman buƙatu:
1. Yaɗa haske mai yawa: gilashin dole ne ya watsa haske gwargwadon iko ga ƙwayoyin hasken rana, musamman a cikin kewayon spectral wanda ke da tasiri ga samar da wutar lantarki.
2. Ƙarfin injina: yana jure wa iska mai ƙarfi, ruwan sama mai yawa, nauyin dusar ƙanƙara (a wasu ƙasashe), da tasirin kamar ƙanƙara.
3. Juriyar Yanayi da sinadarai: yana jure wa danshi, gishiri (yankunan bakin teku), gurɓatawa, canjin yanayin zafi, da kuma hasken UV.
4. Kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci: ba ya yin rawaya cikin sauƙi, yana haifar da ƙananan fasa, ko kuma yana fuskantar raguwar aikin gani.
5. Tsaro da aminci: idan ya karye, gilashin ba zai samar da gutsuttsura masu kaifi masu haɗari ba kuma ba zai lalata tsarin gaba ɗaya ba.
Tare da waɗannan ayyuka, zaɓin da ingancin gilashi abubuwa ne da ke tasiri ga inganci, tsawon lokacin sabis, da kuma kuɗin kulawa na janareton PV.
1. Gilashin Mai Zafi (Gilashin Mai Tauri)
Gilashin da aka fi amfani da shi a fannin hasken rana shine gilashi mai laushi. Ana yin wannan nau'in gilashi ta hanyar dumama gilashin zuwa zafin jiki mai yawa sannan a sanyaya shi da sauri, wanda ke haifar da damuwa a ciki wanda ke ƙara ƙarfinsa.
Amfanin gilashin da aka sanyaya:
– Ya fi gilashin yau da kullun ƙarfi (galibi ya fi ƙarfi sau da yawa).
– Mafi aminci: idan ya karye, gilashin da aka yi wa zafi yana tarwatsewa zuwa ƙananan guntu, wanda ke rage haɗarin rauni.
– Yana jure wa canjin yanayin zafi: ya dace da allunan da ke fuskantar zafi da rana da kuma sanyi da dare.
A cikin na'urorin PV na gargajiya, galibi ana amfani da gilashin da aka sanyaya a matsayin layin gaba don kare ƙwayoyin hasken rana da kuma layin rufewa (misali, EVA). Kauri na yau da kullun yana kusa da 3,2 mm don aikace-aikace da yawa, kodayake wannan na iya bambanta dangane da ƙirar.
2. Gilashin Ƙarfe Mai Rahusa (Gilashin Ƙarfe Mai Rahusa)
Domin inganta aikin gani, masana'antun da yawa suna amfani da gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfe. Gilashin yau da kullun yana ɗauke da ƙarfe, wanda zai iya ba da launin kore kuma ya rage watsa haske kaɗan. A cikin gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfe, yawan ƙarfen yana raguwa, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar da ta fi kyau.
Fa'idodin gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfe a cikin faifan hasken rana:
- Babban watsa haske, don haka zai iya ƙara ƙarfin fitarwa na module kai tsaye.
– Ya fi kyau don aiki a yanayin ƙarancin haske (safe/maraice ko yanayin gajimare) saboda kowace kashi na hasken da aka watsa yana da mahimmanci.
Gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfe sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da tsarin gilashi mai zafi. Saboda haka, sau da yawa muna ganin kalmar "gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfe mai zafi" a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai na module.
3. Gilashin da aka Rufe da hana haske/AR
Baya ga yawan ƙarfe, babban abin da ke rage hasken da ke shigowa shine haskakawa a saman gilashin. Gilashin da ke da murfin hana haske (rufin AR) an ƙera shi ne don rage haske da kuma ƙara watsawa.
Amfanin gilashin AR:
– Yana rage haske da kuma haske.
– Ƙara yawan shan haske ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hasken rana.
– Yana inganta aikin panel, musamman lokacin da kusurwar haske ba ta daidaita ba (misali, safe ko yamma).
Rufin AR yawanci siririn fim ne da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar sinadarai ko hanyoyin adanawa. A aikace, galibi ana haɗa gilashin AR da gilashin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfi don cimma matsakaicin watsawa.
4. Gilashin Mai Launi/Prismatic
Wasu na'urorin hasken rana suna amfani da gilashi mai laushi a saman su. Ƙananan na'urorin na iya taimakawa wajen "kama" haske ta hanyar lanƙwasawa da watsa shi, wanda ke ƙara damar shiga cikin tantanin halitta.
Fa'idodin gilashin da aka yi wa rubutu:
- Zai iya inganta aikin gani a wasu kusurwoyin haske.
– Yana taimakawa rage tunani idan aka kwatanta da saman da ba shi da faɗi gaba ɗaya.
Duk da haka, dole ne a tsara gilashin da aka yi da kyau domin wasu launuka na iya kama ƙura ko datti cikin sauƙi, wanda a ƙarshe zai rage yaɗuwarsu idan ba a tsaftace su ba.
5. Gilashin da aka Laminated
Gilashin da aka laƙaba ya ƙunshi layuka biyu ko fiye na gilashi da aka haɗa tare da wani Layer (misali, PVB ko wani abu). A cikin allunan hasken rana, manufar "lamination" kuma tana bayyana a cikin tsarin module, kamar yadda aka laƙaba ƙwayoyin PV da abin rufewa da kuma bayan gida. Duk da haka, an fi tattauna gilashin da aka laƙaba a cikin gilashin gini ko aikace-aikacen musamman.
Fifiko:
– Idan ya karye, tarkacen gilashin suna mannewa a kan layin da ke tsakanin layukan, wanda hakan ke sa ya fi aminci.
- Ana iya ƙara ƙarfi da juriya ga tasiri.
A wasu aikace-aikacen PV—misali, allunan hasken rana masu haske a gini (BIPV) ko kuma yanayi mai tsauri—gilashin da aka yi wa laminate na iya zama zaɓi, kodayake ya fi tsada da nauyi.
6. Gilashi Biyu (Ma'aunin Gilashi Biyu / Gilashi-Gilashi)
Modules na zamani na PV suma suna amfani da ƙirar gilashi akan gilashi, wanda ke amfani da gilashi ba kawai a gaba ba har ma a baya, yana maye gurbin takardar baya ta polymer. Wannan galibi ana kiransa module mai gilashi biyu.
Amfanin kayan gilashin gilashi:
– Ingantacciyar juriya ga danshi: gilashi yana da ƙarancin tururin ruwa fiye da sauran kayan aikin polymer.
– Ya fi juriya ga lalacewa: ya dace da wasu fasahohin ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka fi saurin kamuwa da muhalli.
– Tsawon rai na aiki: galibi ana zaɓar shi don manyan ayyuka waɗanda ke neman babban aminci.
- Yana goyan bayan kayayyaki biyu (na gefe biyu) waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar haske daga gaba da kuma haskaka haske daga baya.
Abin da ke ƙasa shine babban nauyi da buƙatar ƙirar firam mai ƙarfi da kuma ɗagawa.
7. Gilashi don Amfani na Musamman: BIPV da Faifan Haske
Dangane da makamashin da ake sabuntawa, ana ƙara haɗa bangarorin hasken rana cikin gine-gine (Gina Fuskokin Hasken Rana/BIPV): fuskoki, rumfuna, fitilun sama, ko tagogi. Waɗannan aikace-aikacen suna buƙatar gilashi mai ƙarin halaye:
– Tabbataccen haske (rabin haske) don haske ya iya shiga ginin.
– Kyawawan Launi: launi mai sarrafawa, tsari, ko matakin tunani.
- Ka'idojin tsaron gini: ƙarfi, juriyar gobara, da ƙa'idojin gini.
Ga BIPV, galibi ana zaɓar gilashin da aka laminated da kuma wanda aka sanyaya, ya danganta da buƙatun aminci da ƙirar gine-gine.
Abubuwan da ke Kayyade Zaɓin Gilashi don Fannin Hasken Rana
Zaɓar nau'in gilashi ba wai kawai game da "wanda ya fi kyau ba ne," amma kuma sulhu ne tsakanin aiki, farashi, da yanayin filin. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke ƙayyade sun haɗa da:
1. Wurin shigarwa
Yankunan bakin teku suna buƙatar gwajin juriyar tsatsa da gwajin hazo mai gishiri; yankunan da ƙanƙara ke iya kamuwa da su suna buƙatar juriyar tasiri mai ƙarfi.
2. Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da kuma manufofin fitarwa
Idan aikin yana neman mafi girman sakamako, gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfe da kuma rufin AR sun fi jan hankali.
3. Nau'in module (monofacial vs bifacial)
Modules na bifacial gabaɗaya suna dacewa da ƙirar gilashin gilashi ko gilashin baya mai haske.
4. Jimillar kuɗin mallakar (TCO)
Gilashin da ke da inganci na iya zama mafi tsada a gaba, amma yana rage haɗarin karyewa da kuma raguwar aiki a cikin dogon lokaci.
5. Ma'auni da takaddun shaida
Allon hasken rana yawanci yana bin ƙa'idodin aminci da aminci. Ingancin gilashin dole ne ya cika waɗannan buƙatun, gami da ƙarfin injina da juriya ga muhalli.
Gilashi da Makomar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa
Ƙirƙirar gilashi ga na'urorin hasken rana na ci gaba da bunƙasa. Masana'antun suna neman gilashi mai sauƙi amma mai ƙarfi, rufin gani mafi inganci, da kuma wuraren tsaftace kai don rage asarar kuzari saboda ƙura. Wasu bincike kuma suna haɓaka gilashi don ya fi dacewa da sabbin fasahohin tantanin halitta kamar perovskite ko tandem, waɗanda ke da yuwuwar inganta ingantaccen makamashi mai sabuntawa sosai.
A babban mataki, ƙananan gyare-gyare a cikin hasken da gilashi ke fitarwa na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci ga samar da wutar lantarki ta kowace shekara da dubban bangarori ke yi. Saboda haka, gilashi ba kawai wani abu ne mai kariya ba, amma muhimmin abu ne wajen inganta aiki da amincin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana.
Kammalawa
Nau'in gilashin da ake amfani da shi wajen kera allon hasken rana—tun daga mai zafi, ƙarancin ƙarfe, mai hana haske, mai laushi, mai laminated, zuwa ƙirar gilashi-kan-gilashi—yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance ingancin tsarin, aminci, da tsawon rai. A cikin yanayin makamashi mai sabuntawa, ingancin gilashi mai kyau yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa bangarorin hasken rana suna aiki yadda ya kamata tsawon shekaru da dama, koda lokacin da aka fallasa su ga yanayi mai tsanani. Tare da ci gaba da ƙirƙira a cikin kayan aiki da fasahar rufe gilashi, aikin bangarorin hasken rana na gaba zai inganta ne kawai, yana hanzarta sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai tsafta da dorewa.
