Yadda Ake Gano Ma'adanai Ta Amfani da Gwajin Jiki
Ma'adanai abubuwa ne masu ƙarfi da ke faruwa a zahiri waɗanda ke da takamaiman sinadari da tsarin lu'ulu'u. Su ne manyan abubuwan da ke cikin duwatsu da ƙasa a Duniya. Gano ma'adanai na iya zama aiki mai mahimmanci, musamman a fannonin ilimin ƙasa, haƙar ma'adinai, da kimiyyar kayan aiki. Binciken jiki yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi sauƙi kuma mafi sauri don gano ma'adanai. Ga wasu hanyoyin gano ma'adanai ta amfani da gwajin jiki.
1. Launi
Launi sau da yawa shine siffa ta farko da ake gani yayin gano ma'adanai. Duk da cewa launi na iya zama alama mai kyau ga wasu ma'adanai, ba shine siffa mafi inganci ba. Wasu ma'adanai na iya bayyana a launuka daban-daban saboda ƙazanta ko bambancin tsari. Kyakkyawan misali shine quartz, wanda zai iya zama bayyananne, fari, shunayya, ruwan hoda, ko baƙi. Saboda haka, ya fi kyau kada a dogara kawai da launi yayin gano ma'adanai.
2. Layuka
Layin launi shine launin ma'adinai idan aka karya ko aka niƙa shi ya zama foda. Yawanci ana tantance wannan ta hanyar goge ma'adinan a kan farantin porcelain mara gilashi, wanda ake kira farantin layi. Layin sau da yawa ya fi aminci fiye da launin ma'adinan gaba ɗaya saboda launin foda yawanci yana da daidaito. Misali, hematite wanda ya bayyana ja, tagulla, ko ƙarfe zai samar da layin ja-launin ruwan kasa daban-daban.
3. Kyalkyali
Luster ita ce hanyar da saman ma'adinai ke nuna haske. Yawanci ana raba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: ƙarfe da wanda ba ƙarfe ba. Luster na ƙarfe yana nufin ma'adinin yana kama da ƙarfe mai haske. Misali, pyrite yana da luster na ƙarfe. Luster ɗin da ba ƙarfe ba yana da ƙarin bambance-bambance, kamar luster mai haske, luster mai luster, luster mai siliki, luster mai resinous, ko luster mai ƙasa. Misali, quartz yana da luster mai haske.
4. Tashin hankali
Auna taurin ma'adinai wata hanya ce mai inganci don gano ma'adanai. Sikelin Mohs, wanda Friedrich Mohs ya ƙirƙira, shine kayan aiki na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi don tantance taurin ma'adinai. Wannan sikelin yana kwatanta taurin ma'adanai daban-daban, tun daga talc (tare da taurin 1) zuwa lu'u-lu'u (tare da taurin 10). Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin goge ma'adanai a kan juna ko amfani da abubuwa na yau da kullun (kamar tsabar kuɗi, ƙusa, ko guntu na gilashi), zaku iya kimanta taurin ma'adinai.
5. Ragewa da Rarrabuwa
Tsagewa wata irin cuta ce da ke kama da karaya a wani wuri na musamman a cikin tsari na yau da kullun. Misali, mica tana da tsagewa ɗaya tilo kuma cikin sauƙi ta karye zuwa siririn zare. Karyewa, a gefe guda, tana faruwa ne lokacin da karaya ta ma'adinai ba tare da tsari na yau da kullun ba. Misalan karaya sun haɗa da karaya ta conchoidal, kamar waɗanda ake samu a cikin gilashin aman wuta (obsidian), waɗanda ke da saman lanƙwasa kamar harsashin teku.
6. Siffar Lu'ulu'u
Ma'adanai suna da takamaiman tsarin lu'ulu'u waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen gano su. Siffar lu'ulu'u ita ce dabi'a, ko kuma yadda lu'ulu'u ke girma da girma a cikin sararin samaniya kyauta. Ma'adanai na iya samun nau'ikan siffofi na lu'ulu'u iri-iri, kamar cubes, prisms, pyramids, da sauransu. Misali, gishiri (halite) yawanci yana samar da lu'ulu'u masu siffar cubic.
7. Takamaiman Nauyi
Nauyin nauyi na musamman shine rabon nauyin ma'adinai da nauyin daidai gwargwado na ruwa. Yana auna nauyin ma'adinai dangane da ruwa. Nauyin nauyi na musamman abu ne na zahiri wanda za'a iya aunawa kawai ta hanyar shawagi a cikin ruwa, ko kuma ta amfani da kayan aiki na musamman. Misali, zinari yana da babban nauyi na kusan 19,3, wanda ya bambanta shi da sauran ma'adanai masu sauƙi.
8. Bayyana gaskiya
Bayyanar da haske yana nufin yadda haske zai iya ratsawa ta cikin ma'adinai cikin sauƙi. Ana iya rarraba ma'adanai a matsayin masu haske (haske zai iya ratsawa ta fili), masu haske (haske zai iya ratsawa amma ba a bayyane yake ba), ko kuma masu haske (babu haske da zai iya ratsawa). Misali, quartz na iya bambanta daga masu haske zuwa masu haske, yayin da galena gabaɗaya ba ta da haske.
9. Tsarin rubutu
Tsarin saman ma'adinai na iya taimakawa wajen gano shi. Ma'adanai na iya jin kamar sun yi kauri, santsi, ko kuma a ko'ina a tsakaninsu. Wannan jin daɗin na iya shafar kimantawar gani na haske da kuma aikin launi na saman. Misali, talc yana da santsi sosai da kuma jin "sabulun sabulu".
10. Magnetism
Wasu ma'adanai suna nuna halayen maganadisu waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman kayan aikin gano su. Magnetite sanannen misali ne na ma'adinai mai wannan ikon. Ana iya gano wannan ma'adinai cikin sauƙi ta hanyar riƙe maganadisu a kai. Idan ma'adinan ya jawo hankalin maganadisu, wataƙila magnetite ne ko wani ma'adinan mai halayen maganadisu.
11. Martani ga Acid
Wasu ma'adanai suna amsawa ga acid ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ko iskar gas. Misali, Calcite yana fitar da iskar carbon dioxide kuma yana samar da iskar carbon dioxide lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga hydrochloric acid (HCl). Wannan siffa na iya zama da amfani wajen bambance calcite daga sauran ma'adanai waɗanda suka yi kama da juna amma ba sa amsawa ga acid.
Muhimmancin Haɗakar Halayen Jiki
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa gano ma'adanai yawanci yana buƙatar haɗakar hanyoyi daban-daban na gwajin jiki. Ma'adinai na iya samun launi daban-daban da sheƙi, amma bincika alamunsa, taurinsa, ko tsagewarsa na iya ba da ƙarin tabbaci. Saboda haka, masanin ilimin ƙasa zai yi amfani da kayan aiki da dabaru iri-iri a haɗe don yin cikakken ganewar asali.
Kammalawa
Gano ma'adanai ta amfani da hanyoyin gwajin jiki hanya ce da ke buƙatar daidaito da kulawa ga cikakkun bayanai. Launi, lanƙwasa, sheƙi, tauri, yankewa da karyewa, siffar lu'ulu'u, takamaiman nauyi, bayyananne, laushi, maganadisu, da kuma amsawa ga acid wasu daga cikin mahimman halayen jiki ne da za a iya amfani da su don gano ma'adanai. Duk da yake akwai wasu hanyoyi, fahimtar da amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin gwajin jiki da kyau yana ba da tushe mai ƙarfi don gano nau'ikan ma'adanai daban-daban daidai. Tabbatar da amfani da hanyoyi da yawa a lokaci guda don samun sakamako mai inganci.
