Dabaru na samun bayanai na ƙasa a fannin
Samun bayanai na ƙasa a fagen aiki jerin ayyuka ne da ke auna halayen zahiri na ƙasa don fahimtar yanayin ƙasa ba tare da an tono kai tsaye ba. Wannan dabarar muhimmin tushe ne a binciken albarkatun ƙasa (ruwan ƙasa, ma'adanai, mai da iskar gas, yanayin ƙasa), binciken fasaha na ƙasa, rage bala'i, da nazarin muhalli. Nasarar binciken ƙasa ba wai kawai ana tantance ta hanyar kayan aiki masu inganci ba, har ma da tsarin bincike, hanyoyin filin, rikodin inganci, da kuma kula da inganci (QC) yayin aunawa. Wannan labarin ya tattauna ƙa'idodi na gabaɗaya da matakan fasaha na tattara bayanai na ƙasa a fagen, gami da wasu hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su.
1. Matakin tsara bincike
Matakin farko na siyan kaya ya fara tun kafin ƙungiyar ta shiga filin. Da farko, dole ne a fayyace manufar binciken a sarari: ko za a tsara zurfin duwatsu, a gano yankunan da suka lalace, a kimanta kauri laka, ko a gano magudanar ruwa . Wannan manufar tana ƙayyade zaɓin hanya, ƙirar hanya, nisan da ke tsakanin wuraren aunawa, da zurfin binciken da aka yi niyya.
Daga nan sai a gudanar da wani bincike na farko, wanda ya haɗa da tattara taswirar ƙasa, yanayin ƙasa, hotunan tauraron ɗan adam , bayanan haƙa rami, bayanan yanayin ƙasa na baya, da kuma bayanan shiga filin. Daga wannan bayanan, ƙungiyar ta tsara yanayin binciken: ko zai zama hanyar 2D, grid na 3D, binciken maki, ko haɗuwa da hanyoyi da dama. A wannan matakin, ana kuma haɓaka tsarin dabaru - sufuri, izini, aminci, da ayyukan ma'aikata (masu sarrafa kayan aiki, masu rikodin, masu sarrafa GPS, da jami'an tsaro).
2. Tabbatar da hanyar da ta dace ta ilimin ƙasa
Hanyoyin ilimin ƙasa suna auna martanin Duniya ga takamaiman abubuwan da ke motsa mutum ko kuma amfani da yanayin ƙasa. Zaɓin hanya yana la'akari da bambanci tsakanin halayen zahiri na abin da ake nufi da dutsen da ke kewaye, zurfin abin da ake nufi, yanayin saman, da ƙuntatawa na lokaci da farashi.
Wasu hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su:
- Girgizar ƙasa (tunani/ragewa/MASW) don taswirar saurin raƙuman ruwa da tsarin layuka.
- Juriyar Geoelectric da IP (Rarrabawar Polarization) don gano bambance-bambancen juriya da suka shafi ruwan ƙasa, yumbu, ma'adinai, ko gurɓatawa.
- Magnetic don gano bambance-bambancen maganadisu na dutse, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi wajen binciken ma'adanai da taswirar tsari.
- Nauyi don taswirar bambance-bambancen yawan ruwa, mai tasiri ga wuraren da ke cikin ƙasa, kutse, ko ramuka.
– GPR (Radar Mai Shiga Ƙasa) don ƙarancin ƙuduri mai zurfi, wanda ya dace da kayan busasshe da marasa amfani.
Sau da yawa kyakkyawan bincike ba ya amfani da hanya ɗaya kawai . Haɗa hanyoyi biyu ko fiye na iya ƙara ingancin fassarar.
3. Shirya kayan aiki da daidaitawa
Kafin a saya, dole ne a duba kayan aikin sosai, gami da yanayin batirin, kebul, masu haɗawa, firikwensin, da software na siyan kayan aiki . Ana yin gyare-gyare bisa ga ƙa'idodin masana'anta ko hanyoyin ciki. Misali, a cikin binciken maganadisu, duba ko na'urar ta yi gudu da kuma tantance tashar tushe ya zama dole. A cikin binciken girgizar ƙasa, ana gwada martanin geophones ko accelerometers, kuma ana duba tsarin tushen makamashi (guduma, nauyin saukarwa, ko abubuwan fashewa) bisa ga tsauraran matakai.
Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar tana shirya kayan aiki masu tallafi kamar GPS/GNSS, mita, kamfas, alamun hanya, rediyon sadarwa, bankunan wutar lantarki ko janareta, da kayan aikin tsaro (kwalkwali, riguna, takalman filin wasa, kayan taimakon farko).
4. Tantance ma'aunin maki da kuma sarrafa matsayi
Ingancin matsayi (haɗin gwiwa da tsayi) yana tasiri sosai ga ƙirar yanayin ƙasa, musamman ma hanyoyin nauyi da girgizar ƙasa. A fagen, ana iya yin tantance maki ta amfani da GPS na hannu don dalilai na gabaɗaya, ko bambancin GNSS/RTK don buƙatun daidaito mai girma. Yawancin lokaci ana yiwa wuraren auna alama da sanduna ko fenti mai feshi, sannan a rubuta su a cikin takardar filin, gami da lambar ma'auni, lokaci, yanayin ƙasa, da duk wani bayanin musamman (misali, shingen lantarki, ƙasa mai laka, ko rikice-rikicen al'adu).
Ga binciken da aka yi bisa hanya, ana ƙayyade tazara tsakanin maki ta hanyar ƙudurin da ake so. Babban ƙa'idar ita ce: yayin da aka yi la'akari da ma'auni, ƙudurin zai fi girma, amma wannan yana ƙara lokaci da kuɗi. Tsarin binciken dole ne ya daidaita buƙatun kimiyya tare da iyakokin filin.
5. Hanyoyin siyan manyan hanyoyi da dama
a) Sayen juriya (geoelectric)
Binciken juriya yana amfani da na'urorin lantarki don saka wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasa da kuma auna bambance-bambancen da ke akwai. Matakan filin sun haɗa da shigar da na'urorin lantarki bisa ga tsarinsu (Wenner, Schlumberger, Dipole-Dipole, ko wasu tsare-tsare), duba yanayin haɗin lantarki (haɗin ƙasa), da kuma ɗaukar ma'auni mataki-mataki bisa ga tsarin atomatik na na'urar auna juriya.
Kalubalen da aka saba fuskanta shine yawan juriyar hulɗa a cikin ƙasa busasshiya ko ta duwatsu. Maganganun da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da jiƙa ƙasa, amfani da isasshen ruwan bentonite ko gishiri, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an haɗa na'urorin lantarki sosai. Ana gudanar da kula da inganci (QC) ta hanyar duba halin yanzu, ƙarfin lantarki, maimaitawa, da kuma karanta kurakurai da kayan aikin ke nunawa.
b) Sayen girgizar ƙasa/MASW
Kunnawa girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfiAna shigar da na'urorin geophones a kan hanya a takamaiman tazara, sannan a harba tushen makamashi (guduma mai farantin, nauyin saukewa) a wurare da yawa (maki da aka harba). Bayanan da aka yi rikodin suna cikin nau'in lokacin tafiyar raƙuman ruwa. MASW (Nazarin Tashoshi Mai Yawa na Raƙuman Ruwa) yana mai da hankali kan nazarin raƙuman ruwa na saman don samun bayanan saurin raƙuman ruwa (Vs), waɗanda suke da mahimmanci a nazarin ilimin ƙasa da na microzone.
Mabuɗin samun girgizar ƙasa shine haɗin geophone mai kyau, daidaitawar lokaci, da rage hayaniya (motoci, sawu, iska). Yawanci ana tara hotuna da yawa don cimma sigina mafi haske. Dole ne a daidaita sigogi kamar ƙimar samfurin, tsawon rikodi, da tace filin zuwa zurfin da aka nufa.
c) Samun maganadisu
Binciken maganadisu auna bambance-bambancen da ke cikin filin maganadisu na DuniyaAna ɗaukar ma'auni a kan hanya ko grid. Don gyara bambance-bambancen rana, ana shigar da tashar tushe ta magnetometer tare da rikodi akai-akai. Masu aikin hawa suna ɗaukar ma'auni a wuraren da aka ƙayyade yayin da suke rage gurɓatar ƙarfe (guje wa abubuwan ferromagnetic da kuma kiyaye nisan da ke tsakanin ababen hawa ko shingen ƙarfe).
Na'urar auna maganadisu (magnetic QC) ta haɗa da duba ƙwanƙwasa, daidaiton layin dogo, da kuma kwatanta su da bayanan tashar tushe. Bayanan filin yakamata su haɗa da duk wani matsala na gida kamar layukan wutar lantarki, bututu, ko gine-gine.
d) Samun nauyi
Hanyoyin nauyi suna da matuƙar tasiri ga ɗagawa da matsayi. Ana yin ma'auni da na'urar auna nauyi a takamaiman wurare, sau da yawa ana amfani da madauri a rufe don sarrafa tafiyar kayan aiki. Kowane karatu yana buƙatar kwanciyar hankali na kayan aiki, ƙarancin girgiza, da kuma rikodin lokaci daidai.
A cikin binciken nauyi, ma'aunin tsayi daidai (DGPS/RTK ko matakin) suna da mahimmanci. Gyara kamar drift, tidal, latitude, free air, Bouguer, da topography yawanci ana yin su ne a lokacin aikin sarrafawa, amma cikakkun bayanai na filin suna da mahimmanci don gyara daidai.
6. Kula da Inganci (QC) da takardun filin
QC ba wani mataki ne daban ba, a'a tsari ne mai ci gaba. Ayyukan QC na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:
– Maimaita ma'auni a wurare da yawa na sarrafawa.
– Duba kurakuran kayan aiki da daidaiton ƙima.
- Bincika cikin sauri na taswirar bayanan filin don gano duk wani rashin daidaituwa na musamman.
- Rikodin yanayin yanayi, matsalolin hayaniya, canje-canjen hanya, da matsalolin fasaha.
Kyakkyawan takardu sau da yawa shine bambanci tsakanin binciken "mai aiki" da wanda "ya gaza". Ya kamata rajistan ayyukan ya haɗa da: ID na aikin, kwanan wata da lokaci, sunayen ma'aikata, lambar kayan aiki, sigogin saye, daidaitawa/hawan sama, zane-zanen hanya, da hotunan filin.
7. Tsaron aiki da ɗabi'un filin aiki
Tsaron aiki a fannin ilimin ƙasa ya ƙunshi haɗarin ƙasa mai wahala, yanayi mai tsanani, dabbobin daji, kayan aiki masu nauyi, da haɗarin lantarki (musamman a aikace-aikacen geoelectric). Tsarin aiki na asali sun haɗa da bayanin yau da kullun, amfani da kayan kariya na mutum (PPE), kimanta haɗarin wurin aiki, da ƙuntatawa a yankin aiki. Idan binciken ya ƙunshi manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashi ko abubuwan fashewa, dole ne ƙa'idodin aminci su bi ƙa'idodi masu dacewa kuma ma'aikata masu izini su kula da su.
Da'a a fannin noma ma tana da muhimmanci: girmama filayen mutane, neman izinin shiga, kiyaye tsafta, da kuma guje wa lalacewar muhalli.
8. Kammalawa
Dabaru na tattara bayanai na ƙasa a fannin tsari ne mai tsari wanda ya haɗa da tsari mai kyau, zaɓin hanyoyin da suka dace, kula da inganci mai kyau, da kuma kiyaye rikodin daidai. Yanayin filin yana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin ilimin ƙasa su kasance masu daidaitawa ba tare da yin watsi da hanyoyin da aka saba ba. Tare da samun bayanai masu kyau, bayanan da aka samu za su kasance masu tsabta, fassarori sun fi aminci, kuma za a iya yanke shawara bisa ga ilimin ƙasa - ko don bincike, gini, ko rage bala'i - daidai.
Idan kuna so, zan iya daidaita wannan labarin don ya zama mafi fasaha (tare da misalan sigogin siye da ƙirar hanya) ko kuma ya fi shahara (ga masu karatu gabaɗaya), da kuma ƙara nassoshi ko nazarin yanayin filin.
