Tsarin Aikin Magungunan Rigakafi a Wajen Lalata Kwayoyin Cuta
Magungunan rigakafi suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da aka gano a tarihin maganin zamani. Ana amfani da waɗannan magunguna don magance cututtukan da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa, ko suna shafar fata, hanyar numfashi, hanyar fitsari, ko wasu gabobin jiki. Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransu "masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta," magungunan rigakafi ba sa aiki iri ɗaya akan dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ba sa aiki da tasiri akan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar mura ko COVID-19. Don fahimtar dalilin da yasa amfani da maganin rigakafi yake da mahimmanci, muna buƙatar fahimtar yadda maganin rigakafi ke aiki don lalata ƙwayoyin cuta.
Magungunan rigakafi: kashe ko hana ƙwayoyin cuta
Gabaɗaya, maganin rigakafi yana aiki ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, suna kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, ma'ana suna kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kai tsaye. Na biyu, suna kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, ma'ana suna hana girma da haifuwar ƙwayoyin cuta, suna ba da damar tsarin garkuwar jiki ya sami lokaci don kawar da kamuwa da cuta. Wannan bambanci yana da mahimmanci saboda a wasu yanayi (kamar kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani ko marasa lafiya da ke da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki), galibi ana fifita maganin rigakafi don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta cikin sauri.
Duk da haka, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba, maganin rigakafi yana aiki ne kawai ta hanyar gano "rashin ƙarfin ƙwayoyin cuta." Wannan raunin yawanci tsari ne ko tsarin halittu wanda ya keɓance ga ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ba ya cikin ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Shi ya sa maganin rigakafi zai iya kai hari ga ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da lalata ƙwayoyin jiki sosai ba.
1. Yana hana samuwar bangon ƙwayoyin cuta
Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen maganin rigakafi shine bangon ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da bangon ƙwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi peptidoglycan, wani tsari mai kama da raga wanda ke ba da siffa da ƙarfi. Kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ba su da bangon ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda hakan ya sa wannan abin da ake amfani da shi ya fi dacewa da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Magungunan rigakafi kamar su penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, da monobactams suna cikin ƙungiyar beta-lactam. Suna aiki ta hanyar hana enzyme da ke da alhakin samar da haɗin gwiwa a cikin peptidoglycan. Wannan yana raunana bangon tantanin halitta kuma yana iya haifar da fashewar ƙwayoyin cuta (lysis), musamman a lokacin girma da rarrabuwa.
Bayan beta-lactams, akwai kuma glycopeptides kamar vancomycin waɗanda ke aiki ta wata hanya daban: suna ɗaurewa da sinadarin peptidoglycan, suna kawo cikas ga tarin bangon tantanin halitta. Wannan tsari yana da tasiri musamman akan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwaya na Gram-positive.
2. Yana lalata membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta
Abu na gaba da za a yi niyya shi ne membrane na tantanin halitta, wato Layer da ke kula da daidaiton abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin. Idan membrane ya lalace, muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin halitta za su fita, kuma ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya rayuwa ba.
Misalan magungunan rigakafi masu kunna membrane sun haɗa da polymyxins (misali, colistin), waɗanda ake amfani da su akai-akai akan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu juriya ga Gram-negative. Polymyxins suna hulɗa da sassan membrane na waje da membrane na cytoplasmic, suna haifar da zubewa. Daptomycin kuma na iya lalata membrane na ƙwayoyin cuta na Gram-positive ta hanyar haifar da cirewar membrane, don haka yana dakatar da samar da makamashin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Saboda akwai membranes na tantanin halitta a cikin mutane, wannan nau'in maganin rigakafi yana da haɗarin kamuwa da illa kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin taka tsantsan yayin amfani da shi.
3. Yana hana haɗakar furotin na ƙwayoyin cuta
Kwayoyin cuta suna buƙatar furotin don rayuwa, girma, gyara lalacewa, da kuma yin ayyuka daban-daban na rayuwa. Ana yin furotin ta hanyar injunan da ake kira ribosomes. Ribosomes na ƙwayoyin cuta sun bambanta a tsari da ribosomes na ɗan adam, wanda ke ba da damar maganin rigakafi su yi amfani da su a hankali.
Wasu ƙungiyoyin maganin rigakafi waɗanda ke hana haɗakar furotin sun haɗa da:
– Aminoglycosides (misali, gentamicin, amikacin): suna tsoma baki wajen karanta lambar kwayoyin halitta, suna sa ƙwayoyin cuta su samar da furotin masu lahani. Yawancin aminoglycosides suna kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
– Tetracycline (misali doxycycline): yana hana shigar “kayayyaki” don samar da furotin cikin ribosomes, ta haka ne yake dakatar da samar da furotin.
– Macrolides (misali erythromycin, azithromycin): suna hana motsin ribosome tare da mRNA, suna dakatar da tsarin tsawaita sarkar furotin.
– Chloramphenicol da lincosamides (misali, clindamycin): suna kawo cikas ga samuwar peptide bond ko wasu muhimman matakai a cikin hada furotin.
Idan ba a samar da muhimman sunadaran ba, ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya girma ko mutuwa ba dangane da nau'in maganin rigakafi da yanayin kamuwa da cuta.
4. Yana hana haɗakar DNA da RNA
Kayan kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta, wato DNA da RNA, sune ginshiƙin kula da rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wasu magungunan rigakafi suna kai hari ga hanyoyin kwafi na DNA (kwafi) ko kwafi na RNA (yin kwafi na bayanan kwayoyin halitta don samar da furotin).
Fluoroquinolones (misali, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) suna hana enzyme DNA gyrase, ko topoisomerase, wanda ake buƙata don sassautawa da sake kunna DNA yayin kwafi. Idan wannan tsari ya katse, ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya rabuwa ba kuma daga ƙarshe su mutu.
A halin yanzu, rifampin yana hana enzyme na RNA polymerase na ƙwayoyin cuta, yana hana ƙwayoyin cuta samar da RNA. Wannan maganin yana da mahimmanci a maganin tarin fuka domin yana hana ƙwayoyin cuta samar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci yadda ya kamata.
5. Yana kawo cikas ga metabolism na folate (antimetabolite)
Kwayoyin cuta suna buƙatar folate don samar da DNA da wasu muhimman abubuwa. Abin sha'awa, mutane suna samun folate daga abinci, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa dole ne su samar da folate nasu. Wannan bambancin yana haifar da damar yin amfani da maganin rigakafi.
Misali shine haɗin trimethoprim da sulfamethoxazole. Sulfamethoxazole yana hana matakin farko na samuwar folate, yayin da trimethoprim ke hana matakin da ke gaba. Ta hanyar toshe dukkan matakan biyu a lokaci guda, samar da folate yana raguwa sosai, ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da kayan da ake buƙata don haɗa DNA, kuma girmansu yana tsayawa ko kuma ya mutu.
Me yasa maganin rigakafi ba ya aiki koyaushe?
Duk da cewa maganin rigakafi yana da ingantattun hanyoyin aiki, akwai yanayi da ke sa su kasa kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan shine juriyar maganin rigakafi. Juriya tana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta ke canzawa har sai maganin rigakafi ba ya aiki. Tsarin aikin ya bambanta, misali:
1. Samar da enzymes masu lalata maganin rigakafi, kamar beta-lactamase wanda ke lalata zoben beta-lactam a cikin penicillin.
2. Canza maƙasudin maganin rigakafi, ta yadda maganin ba zai iya haɗawa ko aiki ba.
3. Yana rage shigar da maganin rigakafi ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin ramukan membrane a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutar Gram-negative.
4. Fitar da maganin rigakafi ta hanyar amfani da famfon fitar da iska, ta yadda yawan maganin da ke cikin ƙwayoyin cuta bai isa ya kashe shi ba.
5. Yana samar da biofilm, wani tsari mai kariya wanda ke sa maganin rigakafi ya fi wahala ga ƙwayoyin cuta su isa gare shi.
Sau da yawa juriyar cutar na ƙaruwa saboda rashin amfani da maganin rigakafi yadda ya kamata, misali shan maganin rigakafi ba tare da takardar likita ba, rashin cika maganin kamar yadda aka umarta, ko amfani da maganin rigakafi don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Penutup
Tsarin aikin maganin rigakafi wajen lalata ƙwayoyin cuta yana mai da hankali kan kai hari ga muhimman abubuwan da suka keɓance ga ƙwayoyin cuta: bangon tantanin halitta, membrane na tantanin halitta, ribosomes, haɗin DNA/RNA, da hanyoyin metabolism na folate. Ta hanyar kai hari ga waɗannan "matsalolin rauni," magungunan rigakafi na iya kashe ko hana ƙwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, nasarar magani ya dogara sosai akan zaɓar maganin rigakafi da ya dace, daidai adadin da ake buƙata, da kuma bin umarnin marasa lafiya. A cikin zamanin da ake ƙara juriya, fahimtar yadda maganin rigakafi ke aiki yana da mahimmanci ba kawai ga ƙwararrun likitoci ba har ma ga jama'a don amfani da maganin rigakafi ya zama mai hikima kuma ana iya magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta cikin aminci da inganci.
