Aikin Kwakwalwa a Tsarin Garkuwar Jiki
Saifa wani abu ne da galibi ba a lura da shi ba saboda ƙarami ne kuma yana ɓoye a saman hagu na ramin ciki, a ƙasan haƙarƙari. Duk da haka, saifa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye daidaiton jiki - musamman a tsarin garkuwar jiki. Wannan gabobi yana aiki a matsayin "duba jini," yana tacewa, tantancewa, da kuma taimaka wa jiki ya mayar da martani ga barazana kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da tsufan ƙwayoyin jini. Fahimtar aikin saifa zai taimaka mana mu fahimci dalilin da yasa lalacewa ko cire saifa zai iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da kuma dalilin da yasa yake da mahimmanci a kula da lafiyarta.
Wuri da kuma tsarin sauƙi na saifa
A zahiri, saifa tana cikin ɓangaren hagu na sama na ciki kuma tana da alaƙa da ciki, pancreas, da diaphragm. Saifa tana da manyan sassa biyu: jajayen ɓaure da farin ɓaure, tare da yanki na gefe, wanda ke aiki a matsayin muhimmin yanki na sauyawa. Kowane sashe yana da takamaiman aiki. Jajayen ɓaure suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tacewa da sarrafa ƙwayoyin jini, yayin da farin ɓaure yana da alaƙa da aikin garkuwar jiki saboda yana da wadataccen ƙwayoyin kariya kamar lymphocytes.
Saifa tana da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyin jini masu yawa. Ana "tace" jinin da ke gudana ta cikin saifa ta cikin ƙananan hanyoyi, wanda hakan ke sauƙaƙa gano ƙwayoyin jini marasa kyau ko waɗanda suka kamu da cutar. Wannan tsari yana sanya saifa ta zama wata gaɓar garkuwar jiki ta musamman domin tana hulɗa kai tsaye da sassan jini.
Saifa tana aiki a matsayin matattarar jini kuma tana kiyaye ingancin ƙwayoyin jini.
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da maniyyi ke yi shine tace jinin abubuwan da ba su da amfani. Kwayoyin jinin ja (erythrocytes) suna da matsakaicin tsawon rai na kimanin kwanaki 120. Yayin da suke tsufa, suna zama marasa sassauƙa kuma cikin sauƙi su makale a cikin "hanyar tacewa" na jan ɓangaren litattafan. Nan ne maniyyin ke shigowa: yana gano kuma yana lalata ƙwayoyin jinin ja da suka lalace ko suka tsufa, sannan yana sake amfani da muhimman abubuwa kamar ƙarfe daga haemoglobin.
Wannan tsari yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ba wai kawai ga ingancin jiki ba har ma ga tsarin garkuwar jiki. Lalacewar ƙwayoyin jini na iya haifar da kumburi ko kuma kawo cikas ga kwararar jini a ƙananan tasoshin jini. Ta hanyar kiyaye ingancin ƙwayoyin jini, saifa tana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kwanciyar hankali a cikin jiki, tana ba da damar garkuwar jiki ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata.
Baya ga ƙwayoyin jini ja (erythrocytes), saifa kuma tana taimakawa wajen sarrafa ƙwayoyin jini (thrombocytes) da wasu ƙwayoyin jini fari. Saifa na iya aiki a matsayin "ajiye" ƙwayoyin jini kuma ya sake su lokacin da jiki ke buƙatar su, kamar lokacin zubar jini.
Farin ɓangaren litattafan almara: cibiyar amsawar garkuwar jiki ga ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini
Bangaren da ke sa saifa ta zama mai mahimmanci ga garkuwar jiki shine farin ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayar lymphoid. Farin ɓangaren litattafan almara ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin B da T da yawa, nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin amsawar garkuwar jiki mai daidaitawa.
– Limfotin B suna aiki don samar da rigakafi. Lokacin da spleen ya gano wani antigen (wani ɓangare na ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta) da ke yawo a cikin jini, ana kunna ƙwayoyin B kuma ana bambance su zuwa ƙwayoyin plasma waɗanda ke samar da takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi.
– T lymphocytes suna taka rawa wajen daidaita martanin garkuwar jiki da kuma kashe ƙwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar. T lymphocytes suna taimakawa wajen daidaita "dabarun kai hari" na jiki ta hanyar siginar sinadarai (cytokines), wanda ke haifar da martanin garkuwar jiki mafi kyau.
Farin ɓangaren litattafan yana da tsari kamar "follicles" inda lymphocytes ke taruwa, suna hulɗa, kuma suna yaɗuwa idan sun fuskanci barazana. Don haka, za a iya ɗaukar saifa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "hedkwatar" tsarin garkuwar jiki, yana sa ido kan jini kuma yana haifar da samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi idan ana buƙata.
Aikin yankin gefe: yankin gano ƙwayoyin cuta cikin sauri
Tsakanin jan ɓangaren litattafan almara da farin ɓangaren litattafan almara yana da yankin gefe, wanda yake da mahimmanci don kama antigens daga jini. Wannan yanki ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin rigakafi na musamman kamar macrophages da ƙwayoyin dendritic, waɗanda ke kamawa, sarrafawa, da kuma gabatar da antigens ga lymphocytes. Wannan tsarin gabatar da antigen yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin garkuwar jiki don gane abokin gaba musamman.
Yankin gefen kuma yana taka rawa wajen saurin amsawa ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman waɗanda ke da ƙwayoyin cuta (rufin kariya), kamar Streptococcus pneumoniae. Kwayoyin cuta da aka yi amfani da su a cikin capsules suna da wahalar ganewa, wanda hakan ya sa rawar da maniyyi ke takawa wajen gano su da kuma haifar da samar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kare jiki ya zama dole.
Kwayoyin halittar splenic: masu "cin" ƙwayoyin cuta da masu tsaftace sharar ƙwayoyin halitta
Saifa tana da wadataccen ƙwayoyin cuta na macrophages, ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki na asali waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu tattara ƙwayoyin cuta (phagocytosis). Macrophages a cikin jajayen ɓawon na iya kama ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin cuta na waje da ke yawo a cikin jini. Bugu da ƙari, macrophages kuma suna taimakawa wajen share ragowar ƙwayoyin da aka lalata, suna hana jiki yin fushi da yawa ga "sharar ƙwayoyin halitta."
A cikin mahallin kamuwa da cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta na macrophages suna samar da cytokines waɗanda ke jawo ƙarin ƙwayoyin rigakafi zuwa wurin da kamuwa da cuta ke faruwa kuma suna haɓaka kumburin da ake buƙata don yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. A wata ma'anar, ƙwayoyin cuta na splenic ba wai kawai masu tsaftacewa bane amma kuma masu daidaita sadarwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin rigakafi.
Saifa da samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar garkuwar jiki
Tsarin garkuwar jiki mai lafiya ba wai kawai yana yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta a yanzu ba, har ma yana tuna ƙwayoyin cuta don samun amsoshi masu sauri da ƙarfi a nan gaba. Saifa kuma tana taka rawa wajen samar da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa na B da T bayan fallasa antigen. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa na iya dawwama na dogon lokaci kuma suna ba jiki damar mayar da martani yadda ya kamata idan wannan ƙwayar cuta ta sake bayyana.
Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa allurar rigakafi ke aiki: yana "horar" tsarin garkuwar jiki don ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa ba tare da fuskantar mummunan ciwo ba. Saifa muhimmin wuri ne inda wannan haɗin kai na amsawar garkuwar jiki da ƙwaƙwalwa ke faruwa, musamman ga antigens da ke yawo a cikin jini.
Me zai faru idan aka lalata ko aka cire ƙashin bayan?
Duk da cewa ba ita kaɗai ce ke da alhakin garkuwar jiki ba (ƙwayoyin lymph, ƙashi, thymus, da sauran kyallen lymphoid suma suna taka rawa), rashin aikin saifa na iya haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci. A wasu yanayi, kamar rauni, cututtukan jini, ko kuma girman saifa mai haɗari, mutum na iya buƙatar a cire splenectomy (cire saifa). Wannan yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka, musamman cututtuka masu tsanani da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa.
Mutane marasa saifa sun fi saurin kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani waɗanda za su iya ci gaba da sauri. Saboda haka, yawanci ana ba da shawarar:
1. Allurar riga-kafi (misali a kan cutar pneumococcus, meningococcus, da kuma Haemophilus influenzae nau'in b).
2. Ka kasance a faɗake game da zazzabi (zazzabin kwatsam yana buƙatar ƙarin gwajin likita cikin sauri).
3. A wasu lokuta, a yi amfani da maganin rigakafi kamar yadda likita ya ba da shawara.
Baya ga tiyatar cire ƙashi (splenomegaly), ƙashi (splenomegaly) na iya girma saboda kamuwa da cuta, cututtukan hanta, ko kuma cututtukan jini. Idan ƙashi ya girma, aikin sa na iya lalacewa kuma yana iya kama ƙwayoyin jini da yawa, wanda ke haifar da rashin jini ko ƙarancin ƙwayoyin platelets.
Yadda ake kula da lafiyar ƙashi gaba ɗaya
Babu wani "abinci na musamman" ga saifa kaɗai, amma kiyaye lafiyar gaba ɗaya zai taimaka wa saifa ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata. Wasu matakai da za ku iya ɗauka sun haɗa da:
– Kiyaye tsafta da kuma hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar allurar rigakafi da kuma tsaftace rayuwar mutane.
– A guji yin mummunan tasiri ga ciki na sama na hagu, musamman ga mutanen da suka yi girman saifa (misali a wasu cututtuka).
– Kula da cututtuka masu tsanani (kamar cututtukan hanta) waɗanda zasu iya shafar girman da aikin saifa.
– A duba kanka idan kana yawan gajiya cikin sauƙi, kana jin fari, kana jin rauni cikin sauƙi, ko kuma kana jin ciwo mai ɗorewa a saman ciki na hagu.
Kammalawa
Saifa wata muhimmiyar gaɓa ce a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki, tana tace jini, tana lalata tsoffin ƙwayoyin jini, tana gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ke yawo a jiki, da kuma kunna martanin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar aikin lymphocytes da macrophages. Farin ɓawon yana aiki a matsayin cibiyar amsawar garkuwar jiki mai daidaitawa, jan ɓawon yana taka rawa wajen tacewa da sake amfani da ƙwayoyin jini, kuma yankin gefen yana taimakawa wajen gano antigens cikin sauri. Lokacin da aikin saifa ya ɓace ko ya ragu, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta - musamman daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta - yana ƙaruwa, yana sa rigakafi ta hanyar allurar rigakafi da kuma sanin alamun kamuwa da cuta yana da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar fahimtar aikin saifa, za mu iya fahimtar rawar da wannan gabbar ke takawa wajen kiyaye kariyar jiki ta yau da kullun.
