Ma'anar Tattalin Arzikin Ci Gaba A cewar Masana
Tattalin arzikin ci gaba muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arziki, musamman ga kasashen da ke kokarin inganta walwalar jama'arsu. Babban abin da tattalin arzikin ci gaba ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne alkaluman ci gaban tattalin arziki kamar Jimillar Kayayyakin Cikin Gida (GDP) zuwa ga sauyin zamantakewa, inganta ingancin rayuwa, rarraba kudaden shiga daidai gwargwado, rage talauci, fadada damar samun aiki, da inganta ingancin albarkatun dan adam. Saboda fadinsa, kwararru sun bayyana tattalin arzikin ci gaba da muhimman abubuwa. Wannan labarin ya tattauna ma'anar tattalin arzikin ci gaba bisa ga kwararru kuma ya nuna muhimman abubuwan da suka ginu a kan tattaunawar tattalin arzikin ci gaba.
Fahimtar Gabaɗaya game da Tattalin Arzikin Ci Gaba
Gabaɗaya, tattalin arzikin ci gaba wani reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke nazarin tsarin inganta jin daɗin zamantakewa na dogon lokaci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wannan kimiyya tana bincika yadda ƙasa za ta iya shawo kan matsaloli daban-daban na tsarin kamar talauci, rashin aikin yi, rashin daidaito, ƙarancin yawan aiki, koma-baya a fasaha, da dogaro da tattalin arziki. Don haka, tattalin arzikin ci gaba ba wai kawai yana kimanta "yadda tattalin arzikin ke ƙaruwa" ba har ma da "yadda al'umma ke jin daɗin wannan ci gaban."
Sabanin tattalin arziki na ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda galibi ke mai da hankali kan kwanciyar hankali (hauhawar farashi, canjin kuɗi, ƙimar riba, da kuma kuɗaɗen shiga), tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana mai da hankali kan sauyin tsari—misali, sauyawa daga tattalin arzikin noma zuwa tattalin arzikin masana'antu da ayyuka, sabunta fannin noma, inganta ingancin ilimi da lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa cibiyoyin gwamnati.
Ma'anar Tattalin Arzikin Ci Gaba A cewar Masana
Ga wasu ma'anoni da dama na tattalin arzikin ci gaba bisa ga masana waɗanda galibi ake amfani da su azaman nassoshi a cikin adabin tattalin arziki.
1. Michael P. Todaro da Stephen C. Smith
Todaro da Smith sun bayyana ci gaba a matsayin tsari mai girma da yawa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan canje-canje a cikin tsarin zamantakewa, halayen zamantakewa, da cibiyoyin ƙasa, da kuma hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki, rage rashin daidaito, da kuma kawar da talauci. A cikin wannan tsarin, tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana nazarin yadda waɗannan matakai masu girma da yawa ke faruwa da kuma yadda za a iya tsara manufofi don cimma su.
Ma'anar Todaro ta jaddada cewa ci gaba ba shi da alaƙa da ci gaba. Ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci, amma ba tare da daidaito da inganta rayuwar jama'a ba, ci gaba ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda bai cika ba. Wannan hangen nesa kuma yana sanya mutane a tsakiyar ci gaba, ba kawai sakamakon tattalin arziki ba.
2. Dudley Seers
An san Dudley Seers da yin muhimman tambayoyi don tantance ko ci gaba yana faruwa da gaske: Shin talauci yana raguwa? Shin rashin aikin yi yana raguwa? Shin rashin daidaito yana raguwa? Idan amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyi uku ba su inganta ba, to ana ɗaukar ci gaba a matsayin gazawa, koda kuwa kuɗin shiga ga kowane mutum ya ƙaru.
Ga Seers, tattalin arzikin ci gaba dole ne ya tantance ci gaba bisa ga ma'aunin zamantakewa da rarrabawa, ba kawai alkaluman GDP ba. Wannan ra'ayi yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa ci gaba dole ne ya kasance mai haɗaka kuma ya isa ga ƙungiyoyi mafi rauni a cikin al'umma.
3. Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen ta ɗauki ci gaba a matsayin faɗaɗa 'yanci (ci gaba a matsayin 'yanci). A cewar Sen, ya kamata a ɗauki ci gaba a matsayin tsari na faɗaɗa ikon ɗan adam don zaɓar da kuma rayuwa da suke daraja. Saboda haka, tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana da alaƙa da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, damar aiki, 'yancin siyasa, da kuma kare zamantakewa.
Wannan ma'anar ta fi mayar da hankali kan ingancin rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam. Daga mahangar Sen, talauci ba wai kawai rashin samun kuɗi ba ne, a'a, rashin ƙwarewa da damar samun damammaki da ke ba mutum damar rayuwa mai kyau.
4. Ragnar Nurkse
Ragnar Nurkse ya yi nuni da batun "da'irar talauci mai muni." A ganinsa, ƙasashe matalauta suna cikin mawuyacin hali na ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin tanadi, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, ƙarancin yawan aiki, da kuma ƙarancin kuɗin shiga. Tattalin arzikin ci gaba, a cewar wannan mazhabar tunani, yana nazarin yadda za a karya wannan mummunan zagaye ta hanyar saka hannun jari, ƙirƙirar jari, da manufofi waɗanda ke haɓaka yawan aiki.
Nurkse ya jaddada muhimmancin tara jari da kuma ƙara yawan aiki a matsayin abubuwan da za su sa a kauce wa tarkon talauci. Duk da cewa ya fi mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki, gudummawar da ya bayar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fahimtar ƙa'idojin tsarin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
5. W. Arthur Lewis
W. Arthur Lewis ya fi shahara da tsarinsa na sassa biyu, wanda ke kallon tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu tasowa a matsayin ɓangaren gargajiya (galibi noma mai dorewa) da kuma ɓangaren zamani (masana'antu). Ci gaba yana faruwa ne lokacin da ma'aikata suka koma daga ɓangaren gargajiya mai ƙarancin yawan aiki zuwa ɓangaren zamani mai yawan amfani, wanda hakan ke ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa.
A wannan yanayin, tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana magance sauyin tsari, masana'antu, da kuma samar da ayyukan yi masu amfani. Lewis ya jaddada cewa ci gaba ba wai kawai yana nufin ƙara jari ba ne, har ma yana nufin canza albarkatu zuwa manyan fannoni masu samar da kayayyaki.
6. Gunnar Myrdal
Gunnar Myrdal ya gabatar da manufar "daidaita da kuma tarawa." Ya yi jayayya cewa talauci da rashin ci gaba na iya ta'azzara saboda hanyoyin da suka ƙarfafa juna, kamar rashin daidaito a yanki, rashin daidaiton ilimi, da kuma raunin cibiyoyi. Sakamakon haka, yankunan da suka ci gaba na iya ci gaba da ci gaba, yayin da yankunan da ba su ci gaba ba ke ƙara zama a baya.
A ra'ayin Myrdal, tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana buƙatar magance matsalolin zamantakewa, cibiyoyi, da rashin daidaito na yanki. Ci gaba yana buƙatar sa hannun manufofi don gyara yanayin kasuwa wanda zai iya faɗaɗa rashin daidaito.
7. Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets ya tattauna sosai game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da rashin daidaiton samun kuɗi ta hanyar "Kuznets Curve." Ya yi jayayya cewa a farkon matakan ci gaba, rashin daidaito yakan ƙaru, amma a matakai na gaba rashin daidaito na iya raguwa tare da yaduwar masana'antu, inganta ilimi, da manufofin zamantakewa.
Duk da cewa ba a fayyace tattalin arzikin ci gaba kamar yadda ƙamus ya bayyana ba, gudummawar Kuznets tana da mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki na ci gaba saboda tana nuna yadda ake rarraba kudaden shiga a cikin tsarin ci gaba na dogon lokaci.
Babban Ka'idojin Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki daga Ma'anoni daban-daban
Idan muka taƙaita ra'ayoyin masana a sama, tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana da manyan batutuwa da dama:
1. Ci gaba yana da fannoni daban-daban: ya haɗa da fannoni na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, al'adu da kuma cibiyoyi (Todaro, Sen, Myrdal).
2. Alamomin zamantakewa suna da mahimmanci kamar alamun tattalin arziki: talauci, rashin aikin yi da rashin daidaito su ne manyan ma'auni (Seers).
3. Sauyin tsari: canji daga fannin gargajiya zuwa fannin zamani mai amfani (Lewis).
4. Matsayin cibiyoyi da manufofin jama'a: ci gaba ba ya faruwa ta atomatik ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwa; ana buƙatar shiga tsakani da kyakkyawan shugabanci (Myrdal).
5. Ƙara yawan samar da kayayyaki da kuma ƙarfin saka hannun jari: yana da mahimmanci don karya tarkon masu ƙarancin kuɗi (Nurkse).
6. Daidaito da haɗin kai: ana buƙatar jin daɗin ci gaba daidai gwargwado don ci gaba ya inganta walwala da jin daɗi (Kuznets, Todaro).
Kammalawa
Ma'anar tattalin arzikin ci gaba a cewar masana ya nuna cewa ci gaba ba wai kawai ci gaban tattalin arziki ba ne. Todaro da Smith sun jaddada ci gaba a matsayin tsari mai girma dabam-dabam; Seers sun kimanta ci gaba ta hanyar rage talauci, rashin aikin yi, da rashin daidaito; Sen ya dauki ci gaba a matsayin fadada 'yancin dan adam da iyawa; Nurkse ta mai da hankali kan karya mummunan zagayen talauci ta hanyar zuba jari; Lewis ya jaddada sauyi a sassa biyu; Myrdal ya nuna abubuwan da suka shafi cibiyoyi da rashin daidaito; yayin da Kuznets ya jaddada yanayin rashin daidaito a tsarin ci gaba.
Ta hanyar fahimtar waɗannan ma'anoni daban-daban, za mu iya ganin cewa tattalin arzikin ci gaba shine nazarin yadda ƙasashe da al'ummomi za su iya inganta walwala ta hanyar dorewa, adalci, da kuma mutuntaka. Ci gaba mai nasara ci gaba ne wanda ba wai kawai ke samar da babban ci gaba ba, har ma yana faɗaɗa damammaki, yana rage rashin daidaito, kuma yana inganta rayuwar dukkan 'yan ƙasa.
