Izinto Ezibalulekile Izinhlobo zezinto (ezisekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane kakhulu)
Empilweni yansuku zonke, sivame ukuhlangana nezinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene zezinto. Kukhona izinto eziqinile (isibonelo, itshe, insimbi, njll.)ll), uketshezi (amanzi, uphethiloli, njll.ll) kanye nezinto zegesi (umoya dll). Izinhlobo ezintathu zezinto angakwazi zihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lazo lokugcina isimo nosayizi wazo (okushiwo ubukhulu lapha yivolumu).
Izinto eziqinile ngokuvamile zigcina isimo nomthamo ozinzile. Uketshezi alugcini isimo esizinzile, kodwa luvumelana nesimo sesitsha esikuso. Isibonelo, uma sifaka amanzi engilazini, ashintsha isimo ukuze afane nengilazi. Uma sifaka amanzi ebhavinini, ashintsha isimo ukuze afane nebhavinini. Uma siwafaka esikhwameni sepulasitiki esivuzayo, amanzi angachitheka... hehehe... VUmthamo woketshezi uvame ukuhlala ungaguquguquki. Ingilazi yamanzi uma ifakwa kubhavu ufulawa umthamo wamanzi uhlala ufana nengilazi. Ukuma kwamanzi angakwazi iyashintsha, kodwa ivolumu ayishintshi neze. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ivolumu yezinto eziqinile kanye noketshezi ingashintsha kuphela uma kusetshenziswa amandla amakhulu kakhulu.
Kuthiwani ngegesi? Amagesi awanayo imo noma ivolumu engaguquki. Imo yawo kanye nevolumu yawo kuhlala kuhambisana nemo kanye nevolumu yesitsha afakwe kuso. Isibonelo, uma sifaka igesi epayipini langaphakathi lemoto, imo yegesi iyashintsha, njengethayi. Kunjalo nangomthamo wayo. Uma ingaphakathi kwethayi, igesi iyasabalala ukuze igcwalise isitsha sonke. igumbi ithayi. Kulokhu, ivolumu yegesi iyashintsha njengomthamo wethayi. Uma siqhumisa ibhaluni (sifaka umoya kulo), ukuma nomthamo womoya kuzoshintsha njengokuma nomthamo webhaluni.
Kuze kube manje, sihlukanise kuphela izimo ezintathu zezinto ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zazo ezinkulu (izakhiwo ezinkulu = ukuma nosayizi wezinto). Yiqiniso, lokhu kusekelwe ekulinganisweni nasekubonweni kwethu kwansuku zonke. KSizobona umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezinto ngokusekelwe ezicini zazo ezincane kakhulu. SYonke into yenziwe ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Uma sithi idwala liqinile, asazi ukuthi kwenzekani kuma-athomu noma ama-molecule akulo. use edwaleni ukuze idwala liqine. Ngokufanayo namanzi noma umoya. Yini engalungile ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha amanzi ukuze akhe i-air uketshezi, umoya awubonakali.
Izinhlobo zezinto ezisekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane kakhulu
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngomehluko phakathi kwezinto eziqinile, uketshezi kanye namagesi ngokusekelwe ezicini zazo ezincane, sizoxoxa kuqala nge- hal Nakhu esikhuluma ngakho. Ake sicabangele into. Isibonelo, idwala... Uma sibhekisisa, sizobona ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yedwala inamathele ndawonye. Ngisho noma ikhahlelwa futhi iphonswa, ukuma nobukhulu bayo akushintshi (ngaphandle kokuthi ibekwe ngaphansi kwamandla amakhulu kakhulu). Ngokuvamile, zonke izingxenye zedwala zihlala ndawonye. Kungani kunjalo? Ake sicabange okwesikhashana...
Dmina etsheni i-terdapat ama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Manje zama ukucabanga… Cabanga ngedwala. Cabanga ngedwala lenziwe ngezingcezu ezincane. Hlukanisa izingcezu zedwala zibe yizingcezu ezincane nezincane… zize zifinyelele usayizi wama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Cabanga ngama-athomu njengamabhola amancane. Ngenkathi ama-molecule kuhlanganisa I amabhola amaningana anamathele ndawonye.
Ngakho-ke ku-batu Kunama-molecule noma ama-athomu amaningi amancane kakhulu. Ungacabanga ngama-athomu edwaleni?
Ububanzi be-athomu elilodwa nxazonke 10.10 m. Uma ucabanga nge-athomu njengebhola, khona-ke ububanzi bebhola = 10.10 amamitha. Incane kakhulu futhi ayibonakali ngeso lenyama… Ungacabanga nje. Ama-molecule angama-athomu anamathele ndawonye, ngakho ama-molecule makhulu kune-athomu. I-Tetapi ama-molecule nawo awakwazi ukubonwa ngeso lenyama...
Kuyamangaza, akunjalo, ukuthi lawa ma-athomu amancane noma ama-molecule angaba seyunithi eyodwa... Ukube ama-athomu noma ama-molecule abengekho eyunithi eyodwa, vele ingxenye ngayinye yedwala ibingeke inamathele ndawonye. Eqinisweni...a Ingxenye ngayinye yedwala inamathelana ukuze idwala lakhe isimo esiqinile. Kungani ama-athomu noma ama-molecule engahlukani?
Ngokuqinisekile, ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ayakhangana. Ukube ama-athomu noma ama-molecule awakhangananga, ngabe andiza yonke indawo. I-athomu noma i-molecule ngayinye ngabe ivalelise umngane wayo. Ngakho-ke, izingcezu zedwala ngabe zisakazeke yonke indawo. Izingcezu zedwala ngabe zisakazeke futhi ekugcineni zingabonakali kithi. SIzingcezu zamatshe nazo zakhiwe ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Ama-athomu mancane kakhulu, kangangokuthi uma ehlukaniswa, besingeke sikwazi ukuwabona... Kodwa akunjalo.
Idwala libonakala liqinile, ucezu ngalunye lwedwala lunamathele ndawonye. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into eqinile kumele adonselene.
GAmandla okukhangana phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule empeleni angamandla kagesi. Ukuba khona kwala mandla kubangela ukuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule asondele ndawonye. Uma esezohambaukungqubuzanaAma-electron angaphandle kwe-athomu noma i-molecule ayaxoshana (ukuxosha ngogesi). La mandla axoshayo abangela ukuthi ama-athomu nama-molecule abuyele emuva. Nakuba ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ebuyela emuva, amandla akhangayo abangela ukuthi asondele ndawonye. Njalo njalo... AAma-athomu noma ama-molecule ahamba phambili naphambili (adlidliza), kuyilapho egcina ibanga elincane.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinto eziqinile, uketshezi kanye namagesi asekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane empeleni usekuqineni noma ebuthakathakeni bamandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha lezi zinto ezintathu.
Okuqinile
Ezintweni eziqinile, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule anamandla kangangokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into eqinile ahlala ezindaweni ezizinzile. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ezintweni eziqinile ahamba phambili naphambili (adlidliza), kodwa ahlala edlidliza endaweni efanayo.
Ukukhanga okunamandla phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into eqinile yisona sizathu sokuthi isimo kanye nomthamo wento eqinile kuhlala kufana. ukuphonswa noma ukushaywaUkuma kwedwala noma ingxenye yensimbi kunzima ukuyishintsha ngoba amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule anamandla kakhulu. Uma ufaka itshe noma ingxenye yensimbi ebhakedeni noma ebhavini, ubukhulu balo abushintshi. Ngakho-ke, amandla akhangayo anamandla phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into eqinile yiwo agcina lezi zinto ndawonye futhi agcine ukubukeka kwazo okuqinile.
Ngokuvamile, izikhundla zama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into eqinile zicishe zibe njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni (esaziwa nangokuthi i-crystal lattice). Lesi sibalo sikhulisiwe. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule mancane kakhulu.
Uketshezi
Kuketshezi, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule awanamandla kangako, okwenza ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka, anqwabelane. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha uketshezi angahamba ngendlela athanda ngayo, kodwa awakwazi ukuvalelisa kubangani bawo. Amandla amandla akhangayo asawavimbela ukuba abaleke futhi ahlakazeke.
Yingakho isimo soketshezi singashintsha kodwa umthamo waso uhlala ungaguquki. Uma sifaka amanzi engilazini, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule alo awanamandla kangako, ngakho isimo samanzi siyashintsha sibe isimo sengilazi. Uma sifaka amanzi ebhavinini lokugeza, amandla angathandeki kangako phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule avumela amanzi ukuthi azivumelanise nesimo sebhavini lokugeza. VUmthamo woketshezi uhlala ungaguquki ngoba amandla akhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule asakwazi ukuwabamba ndawonye. hlalani nimunyeIngilazi yamanzi uma ifakwakUma amanzi ethelwa ebhavini, umthamo wamanzi uhlala ufana nengilazi. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha amanzi awahlakazeki ngakho umthamo uhlala ufana.
Indawo yama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha izinto eziwuketshezir umehluko kuqhubeke isithombe (ukukhomba umcibisholoan isiqondiso sokunyakaza).
Izinto ezinegesi
Kumagesi, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-moleculel buthaka kangangokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule awakwazi ukuba seyunithi eyodwa. Ahamba ngendlela athanda ngayo ngoba azikho izibopho phakathi kwawo. Amandla akhangayo abuthakathaka kakhulu abangela ukuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi ahlakazeke noma ahlakazeke yonke indawo. Ama-athomu akha igesi akhululekile kunase-ama-athomu ezakha izinto eziqinile noma uketshezi.
Indawo yama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into yegesi cishe injengalena elandelayo kuqhubeke isithombe.
Amandla abuthakathaka kakhulu okukhanga yisona sizathu sokuthi isimo nomthamo wamagesi kungashintsha nokuthi kungani umoya ungenakubonwa ngeso. Ubukhulu bama-athomu noma ama-molecule buncane kangangokuthi uma ehlakazekile noma esakazeke yonke indawo, khona-ke asikwazi ukuwabona. Ubukhulu besihlabathi noma ushukela bukhulu kakhulu kune-athomu noma ama-molecule kangangokuthi noma ehlakazekile, izinhlamvu zesihlabathi zisabonakala ngeso, yize kunzima kancane.
Izinto eziqinile kanye noketshezi kungabonakala ngoba ama-athomu noma ama-molecule azo awahlukanisiwe. Amandla anamandla akhangayo ezintweni eziqinile kanye namagesi asakwazi ukuwabamba ndawonye. Amandla akhangayo kumagesi abuthakathaka kangangokuthi awakwazi ukubamba ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ndawonye. La mandla amancane akhangayo futhi yisona sizathu esenza izinto zingabi...s futhi uketshezi lungageleza.
