Ithiyori Yokuhweba Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: Ukuhlanganisa Imakethe Yomhlaba Wonke
Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe sekuyinto ebalulekile emnothweni wanamuhla womhlaba. Njengomqondo oxhumanisa izimakethe emhlabeni wonke, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuvumela amazwe ukuthi athole izimpahla nezinsizakalo angenakukwazi ukuzikhiqiza kahle, athuthukise izinsiza, futhi aqhube ukukhula komnotho. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwalo mkhuba obonakala ulula, kunemibono ehlukahlukene ezama ukuchaza ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kungani kwenzeka. Lesi sihloko sizochaza eminye yemibono evelele kakhulu mayelana nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kufaka phakathi imibono yenzuzo ephelele, inzuzo yokuqhathanisa, kanye nemodeli ye-Heckscher-Ohlin.
Umbono Wenzuzo Ephelele
Umbono wenzuzo ephelele waphakanyiswa ngu-Adam Smith encwadini yakhe ethi "The Wealth of Nations" ngo-1776. Ngokwalo mbono, izwe linenzuzo ephelele uma lingakhiqiza umkhiqizo omningi ngenani elifanayo lokufaka kunamanye amazwe. Ngokwesimo sokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe anenzuzo ephelele ekukhiqizeni impahla ethile azothumela ngaphandle leyo mpahla enhle futhi angenise izimpahla angenakukwazi ukuzikhiqiza ngempumelelo.
Isibonelo, uma izwe A lingakhiqiza amathani ayi-10 kakolweni ngenani elifanayo labasebenzi njengoba izwe B lingakhiqiza amathani ama-5 kuphela, khona-ke izwe A linenzuzo enkulu ekukhiqizweni kukakolweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma izwe B linenzuzo enkulu ekukhiqizweni kwezindwangu, ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe amabili kuzowavumela ukuthi ashintshisane ngezimpahla ngendlela ephumelelayo, okwandisa inhlalakahle yamazwe womabili.
Umbono Wezinzuzo Zokuqhathanisa
Umbono wenzuzo yokuqhathanisa, owasungulwa nguDavid Ricardo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, wanda ngomqondo owasungulwa ngu-Adam Smith. Ngokusho kukaRicardo, noma ngabe izwe alinalo ithuba eliphelele ekukhiqizweni kwempahla, kusenethuba lokuhweba ngokugxila ezimpahleni ezingakhiqizwa ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu kunezinye izizwe.
Isibonelo, uma izwe A lisebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ukolweni kanye nendwangu kunezwe B, kodwa izinzuzo zokukhiqiza ukolweni zinkulu kunezendwangu, khona-ke izwe A kufanele ligxile ekukhiqizeni ukolweni. Okwamanje, izwe B lingagxila ekukhiqizeni indwangu, naphezu kokusebenza kwalo okuphansi kokukhiqiza, ngoba izwe A linenzuzo enkulu kukolweni. Ngakho-ke, womabili amazwe angazuza ekuhwebeni ngokusekelwe ezindleleni eziphansi zamathuba.
Imodeli ye-Heckscher-Ohlin
Ekhulwini lama-20, u-Eli Heckscher noBertil Ohlin bakha imodeli enemininingwane eminingi yokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe, eyaziwa ngokuthi imodeli ye-Heckscher-Ohlin. Le modeli igxile ekusatshalalisweni kwezinsizakusebenza njengesici esiyinhloko samaphethini okuhweba. Ngokwalo mbono, amazwe azothumela izimpahla ezikhiqiza izinto eziningi endaweni futhi angenise izimpahla ezikhiqiza izinto ezidinga izinto ezimbalwa.
Isibonelo, amazwe anezisebenzi eziningi azothumela izimpahla ezidinga abasebenzi abaningi kwamanye amazwe, kanti amazwe anezimali eziningi azothumela izimpahla ezidinga imali kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Lo modeli uqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezici zokukhiqiza ekunqumeni amaphethini okuhweba futhi usiza ukuchaza izimo zokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe ezingenakuqondwa ngokugcwele yimibono yenzuzo ephelele neyokuqhathanisa.
Ithiyori Yesidingo Esihambisanayo
Umbono wesidingo esihambisanayo uhlanganisa esinye isici sokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe, ugxile kakhulu ekudingweni ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. UJohn Stuart Mill wethule lo mqondo, egcizelela ukuthi ukuhweba kuthonywa yisidingo esivela kwamanye amazwe, ngaphezu kokunikezwa. Kulokhu, izinga lokushintshana phakathi kwamazwe yilapho isidingo sezimpahla ezivela kuwo womabili amazwe silingana khona.
Isibonelo, uma izwe A lifisa kakhulu izimpahla ezivela ezweni B kanye nokuphikisana nalokho, lesi sidingo esivumelanayo sizonquma amanani ahlobene ezimpahla ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi womabili amazwe azothola ukulingana okuzuzisayo. Lo mbono uqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezintandokazi zabathengi futhi uthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuguquguquka kokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithiyori Yomjikelezo Womkhiqizo Wamazwe Ngamazwe
Ngawo-1960, uRaymond Vernon wethula inkolelo-mbono yomjikelezo womkhiqizo wamazwe ngamazwe, echaza ukuthi imikhiqizo emisha ingathinta kanjani ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwalo mbono, imikhiqizo idlula ezigabeni ezintathu: ukwethulwa, ukukhula, kanye nokuvuthwa. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokwethulwa, imikhiqizo emisha ivame ukukhiqizwa futhi idliwe emazweni athuthukile. Njengoba umkhiqizo uba odumile futhi ufinyelela izinga elikhulu, ukukhiqizwa kungase kushintshele emazweni asathuthuka anezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi.
Isibonelo, imikhiqizo eminingi yezobuchwepheshe bamuva yaqala ukuvela emazweni afana ne-United States ne-Japan. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza zehla, ukukhiqizwa kwale mikhiqizo kwakuvame ukushintshela emazweni asathuthuka, lapho yayingakhiqizwa khona ngezindleko eziphansi, kukhuliswe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi kuzinziswe amanani omhlaba.
Isiphetho
Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi esithonywa izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakusebenza, isidingo somhlaba wonke, kanye nokusungula imikhiqizo. Ithiyori yokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe inikeza amalensi ahlukahlukene okuqonda ukuthi amazwe ahlanganyela kanjani ekuhwebeni ngezindlela ezizuzisa womabili amaqembu.
Kusukela kumbono ka-Adam Smith wenzuzo ephelele kuya kumodeli yomjikelezo womkhiqizo kaRaymond Vernon, umbono ngamunye unikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezindlela zomnotho ezisekela ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe. Nakuba lezi zinkolelo-mbono zinikeza izinhlaka ezibalulekile zokuhlaziya, ukuguquguquka kokuhweba komhlaba wonke kuqhubeka nokuguquka ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinguquko zenqubomgomo, kanye noshintsho ekuthandweni kwabathengi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi osomnotho, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye namabhizinisi babuyekeze njalo futhi bavumelanise lezi zinkolelo-mbono ukuze bathuthukise amathuba okuhweba emakethe yomhlaba wonke eshintsha njalo.
