Imfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Yangaphambi KukaDarwin
Ngaphambi kokuba uCharles Darwin ethule inkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo ngo-1859, umqondo wokuthi izinto eziphilayo zishintsha kanjani wawusuyisihloko sempikiswano nokuqagela ezweni lesayensi. Ukucabanga ngokuthi izinto eziphilayo zingashintsha kanjani kuyingxenye yesifiso sesintu eside sokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kokuphila eMhlabeni. Lesi sihloko sizobukeza imibono ehlukahlukene kanye nemibono ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphambi kwesikhathi sikaDarwin.
Umqondo Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ezweni Lasendulo
Umqondo woshintsho ezweni eliphilayo empeleni uqala ezikhathini zasendulo. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Anaximander (610–546 BC), isibonelo, saphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zaqala emanzini futhi zashintsha zaba izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lo mbono waphawula isinyathelo sokuqala sokucabanga ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengoshintsho oluvela ezintweni eziphilayo ezilula kuya ezinhlotsheni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Empedocles (495–435 BC) wacabanga ukuthi konke ukuphila kwavela ezintweni eziyisisekelo njengomhlaba, umoya, umlilo namanzi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinto kwashintsha, kwaveza izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni. Nakuba kungavumelani ngokuphelele nombono wanamuhla wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lo mbono ubonisa ukuthi ushintsho nokuguqulwa kokuphila kwase kuxoxwe ngakho esikhathini esidlule.
U-Aristotle kanye nombono oqinile
Nakuba izazi zefilosofi zakuqala eziningana zaphakamisa umqondo woshintsho ezintweni eziphilayo, ithonya elikhulu lavela ku-Aristotle (384–322 BC). Waphakamisa ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lwezinto eziphilayo luhlala luzinzile futhi alushintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lo mbono wawusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi zonke izidalwa zinomqondo "ongaguquki," noma injongo yokugcina.
Lo mbono ka-Aristotle, owaziwa ngokuthi “iScala Naturae” noma “isitebhisi semvelo,” wahlala unethonya elikhulu emcabangweni waseYurophu amakhulu eminyaka. Izinhlobo zazibhekwa njengezizinzile futhi zingakwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kwelinye igxathu ukuya kwelinye. Lokhu kuqina kanye nesimo sokuphila esingaguquki kwabusa umcabango wesayensi kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18.
Umnikelo WamaSulumane Emicabangweni Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Enkathini yamaSulumane yasendulo, ososayensi abaningi baqala ukuhlola imibono eyayiseduze nokucabanga kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. U-Al-Jahiz (781-869 AD), isazi saseBasra, wabhala ngobudlelwano phakathi kwendawo ezungezile nezilwane encwadini yakhe ethi, “Kitab Al-Hayawan” (Incwadi Yezilwane). Wachaza inqubo yokukhetha njengefana nomqondo wokukhetha kwemvelo, lapho indawo ezungezile ithonya khona izici zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) encwadini yakhe ethi "Muqaddimah" naye waxoxa ngezinguquko ezintweni eziphilayo kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, ekhombisa ukuqonda kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphakathi kohlaka lomlando nolwezenhlalo. Ukucabanga kuka-Ibn Khaldun kwakuhlanganisa izinguquko zomphakathi nezamasiko ngale kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemicabango Enkathini Yokuvuselelwa Kwemvelo Nenkathi Yokukhanyiselwa
I-Renaissance yavula umnyango wokucabanga okujulile kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-biology. Ngekhulu le-18, abacabangi abanjengoPierre Louis Maupertuis baqala ukuba ngabasunguli bomqondo wokushintsha kwezinhlobo ngenzalo yabo. Wacabanga ukuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinqubo zokuzala.
Kamuva, uGeorges-Louis Leclerc, uComte de Buffon (1707–1788), wasikisela ngesibindi ukuthi umhlaba nezinto eziphilayo ziyashintsha. UBuffon wayengomunye wososayensi bokuqala ukuphikisa umbono we-Aristotle ongaguquki, esikisela ukuthi izinhlobo zingase ziguquke ngaphansi kwethonya lemvelo. Kodwa-ke, wayeqaphela ukuthi angaphikisani nezimfundiso zesonto.
ULamarck kanye nethiyori yokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo
UJean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) wayengomunye wabanduleli bakaDarwin abadumile kakhulu. ULamarck waphakamisa umbono wokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo, othi izinto eziphilayo zingadlulisela izici ezithile ezitholwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwazo enzalweni yazo. Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu intamo ende yendlulamithi; uLamarck wacabanga ukuthi izindlulamithi zavela izintamo ezinde ngezizukulwane njengoba ziqhubeka zifinyelela amaqabunga aphezulu ezihlahleni.
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono kaLamarck yagcina ithathelwe indawo yinkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokukhethwa kwemvelo, uLamarck wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphonseleni inselelo umbono oyinhloko wokuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo aziguquki. Imibono yakhe yabeka isisekelo sezingxoxo ezengeziwe mayelana nokuguquguquka kanye nezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
UVon Humboldt kanye Nombono Wezemvelo
U-Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), isazi semvelo esidumile kanye nomhloli wamazwe, naye waba negalelo elibalulekile endleleni esiqonda ngayo ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo ezizungezile. UVon Humboldt akazange aphakamise ngokuqondile inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa waxwayisa ososayensi ngokubaluleka kwendawo ekubumbeni impilo. Lo mqondo kamuva waba yisisekelo se-ecology yesimanje kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
UVon Baer kanye nombungu
UKarl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), isazi se-embryologist saseRussia, waphawula ukuthi ama-embry ezinhlobo eziningi afana kakhulu ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula, ngaphambi kokuba abe izinhlobo ezihlukene. Lokhu kusikisela imvelaphi efanayo noma ukhokho. Lokhu kuqonda kwaphinde kwabangela ukucatshangelwa kobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo kanye nokwenzeka kokushintsha kancane kancane.
I-Penutup
Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inkolelo-mbono kaCharles Darwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhetha kwemvelo, imicabango eminingi nemibono yayisivele isunguliwe mayelana nokwenzeka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nakuba le mibono yangaphambi kukaDarwin yayivame ukungabi nazindlela nokuhlolwa, yaphawula izinyathelo ezibalulekile ohambweni olude lwesintu lokuqonda umhlaba wemvelo. Lokhu kucabanga kwakha isisekelo esenza uDarwin nabanye ososayensi bakwazi ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo esiyaziyo namuhla. Kusukela kufilosofi yemvelo yasendulo kuya kumbono kaLamarck wokuguqulwa kwesimo, lezi zinyathelo zibonisa ubunzima bokufuna kwesintu ukuxazulula izimfihlakalo zokuphila.
