Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Kuthelevishini Enokuxhumana Kwe-HDMI
Amathelevishini anamuhla awasewona nje amadivayisi okwamukela ukusakazwa; aseyizikhungo zokuzijabulisa zasekhaya ezixhunywe emithonjeni eminingi yokuqukethwe, okuhlanganisa amabhokisi e-set-top, ama-consoles emidlalo, izidlali ze-Blu-ray, ama-laptop, namadivayisi okusakaza. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumeka, i-HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) iyindinganiso evame kakhulu, ekwazi ukuthwala izimpawu zomsindo nevidiyo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngekhebula elilodwa. Ukuze i-TV ibonise izithombe ezibukhali, imibala enembile, umsindo ovumelanisiwe, futhi ixhumane namanye amadivayisi nge-HDMI, izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile zisebenza ndawonye. Lesi sihloko sixoxa kafushane kodwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezingxenye ezibalulekile zethelevishini enokuxhumeka kwe-HDMI, imisebenzi yazo, nokuthi zisebenza kanjani.
1. Iphaneli Yokubonisa
Ingxenye ebonakala kakhulu kuthelevishini yiphaneli yokubonisa. Iphaneli ibonisa izithombe ezisuselwe kumasignali evidiyo acutshungulwa izinhlelo zangaphakathi ze-TV. Izinhlobo zamaphaneli ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-LED/LCD, i-OLED, kanye ne-QLED (uhlobo lwe-LCD olunezendlalelo zemibala ezithuthukisiwe). Umehluko kubuchwepheshe bephaneli uthinta ukugqama, ukukhanya, ukunemba kombala, ama-engeli okubuka, kanye nokusabela kokunyakaza.
Ku-TV ene-HDMI, iphaneli ayitholi isignali ye-HDMI ngqo. Isignali ye-HDMI iqale icutshungulwe yiprosesa yevidiyo kanye nesilawuli sephaneli (i-T-Con) ngaphambi kokuba ihunyushwe ibe amaphikseli esikrinini. Ikhwalithi yephaneli isabalulekile ngoba ngisho nangemithombo ye-HDMI esezingeni eliphezulu (isb., i-4K HDR), umphumela wokugcina uncike kakhulu ekhonweni lephaneli lokukhiqiza imininingwane kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo.
2. Uhlelo Lokukhanyisa Kwangemuva (i-LCD/i-LED Kuphela)
Kuma-TV e-LCD/LED, isithombe asibonakali ngaphandle komthombo wokukhanya ngemuva kwaso. Yilapho ukukhanya kwangemuva kungena khona. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokusetha ukukhanya kwangemuva, njengokukhanya okusemaphethelweni (izibani emaphethelweni) kanye ne-full-array (izibani zisakazeka ngemuva kwephaneli). Ama-TV athuthukile nawo anikeza ukukhanya kwendawo, okuvumela izindawo ezithile zesikrini ukuthi zifiphale noma zikhanye ngazinye ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungafani.
Ukuxhumeka kwe-HDMI kuvame ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kokuqukethwe kwe-high resolution kanye ne-HDR, okudinga izibani zangemuva ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okuphezulu kanye nokulawula ukukhanya okunembe kakhudlwana. Nakuba isibani sangemuva singeyona ingxenye yesistimu ye-HDMI, sinquma ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-HDMI kungajatshulelwa kahle kangakanani.
3. Ibhodi Eyinhloko kanye ne-System-on-Chip (SoC)
Ibhodi lomama "liyingqondo" yethelevishini, eligcina izingxenye ezibalulekile ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile liqukethe i-System-on-Chip (SoC), i-chip ehlanganisiwe ephatha ukucutshungulwa kwamavidiyo nomsindo, uhlelo lokusebenza (lwama-Smart TV), ukuqopha ama-codec, kanye nokuphathwa kokukhipha okufakwayo, kufaka phakathi i-HDMI.
I-SoC icubungula isignali engenayo evela echwebeni le-HDMI: kusukela ekutholweni kwedivayisi, ukuxoxisana ngefomethi (isisombululo, izinga lokuvuselela, i-HDR), ukuqopha umsindo, kuya ekucubungulweni kwesithombe njengokukhulisa izinga, ukushelela ukunyakaza, kanye nokulungiswa kombala. Ku-Smart TV, i-SoC iphinde isebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza zokusakaza, iphathe inethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi/Ethernet, futhi iphathe isikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi.
4. Imbobo ye-HDMI kanye neSekethe Yokwamukela (I-HDMI Receiver)
Izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-TV enokuxhumeka kwe-HDMI yi-port ye-HDMI uqobo kanye ne-receiver circuitry yayo. I-port ye-HDMI isebenza njengesango elingokoqobo lokwamukela amasignali avela kumadivayisi angaphandle. Ngemuva kwe-port kukhona i-chip noma i-module ye-receiver ye-HDMI enesibopho sokufunda isignali yedijithali, ukukhipha idatha yomsindo nevidiyo, bese iyithumela ku-processor ye-TV.
Kuma-TV anamuhla, ama-port e-HDMI avame ukusekela izici ezengeziwe ezifana nalezi:
– I-HDMI ARC/eARC (Isiteshi Sokubuyisa Umsindo / i-ARC ethuthukisiwe): ithumela umsindo kusuka ku-TV uye kubha yomsindo noma isamukeli somsindo ngekhebula elifanayo le-HDMI.
– I-CEC (Consumer Electronics Control): ivumela isilawuli kude esisodwa ukulawula amadivayisi amaningi (isb. i-TV ivula ibhokisi le-set-top).
– I-HDCP (Ukuvikelwa Kokuqukethwe Kwedijithali Okuphezulu): uhlelo lokuvikela okuqukethwe ukuze kudlalwe ngokuphephile amafilimu anelayisensi.
– Imodi yokudlala (ALLM) kanye ne-VRR (Izinga Lokuvuselela Eliguquguqukayo) ku-HDMI 2.1: kunciphisa ukulibaziseka nokudabuka lapho kudlala imidlalo.
Zonke lezi zici zidinga ukwesekwa okufanele kwehadiwe kanye ne-firmware kulayini we-HDMI.
5. Iprosesa yevidiyo (Iprosesa yesithombe)
Nakuba ngokuvamile iyingxenye ye-SoC, iprosesa yevidiyo ingabhekwa njengengxenye ehlukile ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekile kwikhwalithi yesithombe. Iprosesa yevidiyo yenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njenge:
– Ukukhulisa: ukwandisa isixazululo somthombo (isb. 1080p kusuka ku-HDMI) kuya ku-4K ngokusho kwephaneli ye-TV.
– Ukunciphisa umsindo: kunciphisa amabala noma umsindo esithombeni.
– Ukuphathwa kombala: lungisa i-gamut yombala, ibhalansi emhlophe, kanye nokunemba kombala.
– Ukumapha kwethoni ye-HDR: kulungisa okuqukethwe kwe-HDR ukuze kufane namakhono okukhanya kwephaneli.
– Ukucubungula ukunyakaza: kwenza ukunyakaza kubukeke kubushelelezi.
Uma kungena isignali ye-HDMI, i-TV ivame ukwamukela amafomethi amaningi (i-SDR/HDR, 24p/60p/120p). Iprosesa yevidiyo iqinisekisa ukuthi konke kuboniswa kahle kuphaneli.
6. I-T-Con (Isilawuli Sesikhathi) kanye nePhaneli Yomshayeli
I-T-Con, noma isilawuli sesikhathi, iyimojula exhumanisa ibhodi eliyinhloko nephaneli yokubonisa. Umsebenzi wayo ukulawula isikhathi sesiginali kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwedatha yamaphikseli ukuze ingxenye ngayinye yephaneli ithole ulwazi olufanele ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngaphandle kwe-T-Con esebenza kahle, izinkinga zesithombe ezifana nemigqa, ukufiphaza, noma ukungalingani kombala kungenzeka.
I-panel driver isebenza ne-T-Con ukulawula imigqa namakholomu amaphikseli. Ngokwe-HDMI, i-T-Con "ayiqondi" i-HDMI, kodwa kunalokho iqinisekisa ukuthi isignali ye-HDMI ecutshunguliwe ingaboniswa kahle esikrinini.
7. Isistimu Yomsindo: I-Amplifier kanye Nezipikha
Amathelevishini ane-HDMI kumele akwazi ukuphatha umsindo ohambisana nesiginali yevidiyo. Uhlelo lomsindo lwangaphakathi luqukethe isekethe yokucubungula umsindo, i-amplifier, kanye nezipikha. Emithonjeni ye-HDMI, amafomethi omsindo angahluka—kusukela ku-stereo elula kuya kumsindo ozungezayo weziteshi eziningi.
Uma i-TV yakho isekela i-ARC/eARC, kufanele futhi ikwazi ukuthumela umsindo kumadivayisi angaphandle omsindo. I-eARC ivumela i-bandwidth enkulu, okuvumela amafomethi omsindo asezingeni eliphezulu. Izingxenye ezinhle zomsindo ziqinisekisa ukuvumelanisa umsindo nevidiyo, ikakhulukazi uma ubukela okuqukethwe kwe-4K noma udlala imidlalo.
8. Iyunithi Yokuphakelwa Kwamandla (i-PSU)
I-PSU, noma imojuli yokunikezwa kwamandla, iguqula amandla e-AC avela odongeni abe yi-voltage ye-DC edingwa yizingxenye ezahlukene ze-TV. I-PSU kumele izinzile ngoba ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kungabangela ukuqala kabusha, ukucwayiza kwesikrini, noma ukungalungi kwembobo ye-HDMI. Ama-TV amakhulu anokusekelwa kwe-HDR adinga amandla engeziwe ngoba isibani sangemuva noma iphaneli idinga amandla engeziwe ukuze ikhiqize ukukhanya okuphezulu.
I-PSU inezinhlelo zokuvikela ezifana nokweqisa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokweqisa kwamandla kagesi ukugcina izingxenye ezibucayi—kufaka phakathi i-chip ye-HDMI receiver—ziphephile.
9. I-Firmware kanye neSistimu Yokusebenza (i-Smart TV)
Le ngxenye "ayibonakali" kodwa ibalulekile kulwazi lomsebenzisi. I-Firmware ilawula indlela i-TV ephatha ngayo amasignali e-HDMI: kusukela ekuxhawulaneni, ukutholwa kwesisombululo, ukwesekwa kwe-HDR, kanye nokuhambisana namadivayisi athile. Izibuyekezo ze-Firmware zivame ukulungisa izinkinga ezifana nesikrini esingenalutho lapho kushintshwa okokufaka, amaphutha e-HDCP, noma kungekho okukhipha umsindo nge-ARC.
Kuma-Smart TV, uhlelo lokusebenza ludlala indima futhi kuzilungiselelo zokufaka, izindlela zesithombe (i-Cinema/Game), kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokulawula idivayisi nge-CEC. Ngamanye amazwi, ikhwalithi yokuxhumeka kwe-HDMI ayigcini nje ngokuphathelene ne-port, kodwa futhi nesofthiwe elawula inqubo.
10. Amamojula Okuxhumana Engeziwe (Ongakukhetha)
Ngaphezu kwe-HDMI, ama-TV anamuhla ngokuvamile ane-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-Ethernet, i-USB, kanye ne-tuner yokusakaza. Nakuba kungezona izingxenye ze-HDMI, lawa mamojula asebenzisana nohlelo lokuzijabulisa. Isibonelo, abasebenzisi bangabuka i-Netflix kusuka kuhlelo lokusebenza olwakhelwe ngaphakathi bese bethumela umsindo kubha yomsindo nge-eARC, noma basebenzise i-Bluetooth kuma-headphone.
Lokhu kuxhumana kokuxhumana okuhlangene kudinga ukuvumelanisa okuhle kwesistimu ukuze ukushintsha komthombo (i-HDMI kuya ekusakazeni kwangaphakathi) kuhambe kahle ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Isiphetho
Ithelevishini enokuxhumeka kwe-HDMI ingumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye eziningi ezixhumene: iphaneli yokubonisa kanye nokukhanya kwangemuva kuletha izithombe, ibhodi lomama kanye ne-SoC kucubungula idatha, i-port ye-HDMI kanye ne-receiver zisingatha okokufaka kwedijithali, iprosesa yevidiyo yenza isithombe sibe ngcono, uhlelo lomsindo luphatha umsindo, kufaka phakathi i-ARC/eARC, i-PSU igcina ukuzinza kwamandla, kanye ne-firmware iqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwe-HDMI nezici kusebenza kahle. Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile kusisiza sikhethe i-TV efanele izidingo zethu—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukubukela ama-movie e-4K HDR, ukudlala imidlalo ye-low-latency, noma ukwakha uhlelo lweshashalazi lasekhaya oluhle ngekhebula elilodwa le-HDMI njengendlela eyinhloko yomsindo nevidiyo.
