Izimpawu kanye nezinhlelo kwezokuxhumana
Ukuxhumana ngocingo sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuguqulwa kwedijithali enkathini yanamuhla. Ikhono lokuthumela nokwamukela ulwazi kude ngesikhathi sangempela livule umhlaba wamathuba kubantu kuzo zonke izici zokuphila, okuhlanganisa ibhizinisi, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokuzijabulisa. Imiqondo emibili eyisisekelo eyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana ngocingo yizimpawu nezinhlelo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izimpawu nezinhlelo ngokujulile kumongo wokuxhumana ngocingo, nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuxhumana okude.
Iyini iSignali?
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuxhumana ngocingo, isignali ingachazwa njengokumelwa okungokoqobo kolwazi oludluliselwa kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Amasignali angaba yi-analog noma idijithali. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamasignali zinezici ezahlukene futhi zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zokuxhumana ngocingo.
Isiginali ye-Analog
Isignali ye-analog iwukubonakaliswa okuqhubekayo kolwazi. Isibonelo esilula sesignali ye-analog igagasi lomsindo. Amagagasi omsindo aqoshwe imakrofoni aguqulwa abe isignali kagesi ye-analog engageleza ngezifunda ze-elekthronikhi. Lawa masignali e-analog anenzuzo yokumelwa okubushelelezi futhi angathwala kalula ulwazi olucebile. Kodwa-ke, amasignali e-analog asengozini yokuphazamiseka nokuphambuka, okunganciphisa ikhwalithi yolwazi oludlulisiwe.
Isignali Yedijithali
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isignali yedijithali iwukubonakaliswa kolwazi okuhlukile. Ezweni ledijithali, ulwazi lufakwa kuhlu lwama-bits (0s kanye no-1s). Amasignali edijithali anenzuzo yokumelana nokuphazanyiswa futhi akhuliswe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi yolwazi. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bezokuxhumana, njengezingcingo eziphathwayo, i-inthanethi, kanye nethelevishini yedijithali, basebenzisa kakhulu amasignali edijithali ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo.
Iyini iSistimu?
Uhlelo oluhambisana nokuxhumana luyiqoqo lezingxenye ezisebenzisanayo ukudlulisa, ukwamukela, nokucubungula izimpawu zolwazi. Uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuxhumana ludinga izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa umthombo wolwazi, ukudlulisa, ukwamukela, kanye nokucubungula izimpawu.
Izinsiza
Umthombo wolwazi uyindawo yokuqala ohlelweni lwezokuxhumana. Lokhu kungaba yizwi lomuntu ocingweni, umbhalo ocingweni lwe-SMS, ividiyo ocingweni lwevidiyo, noma idatha yedijithali ethunyelwe nge-inthanethi. Lo mthombo wolwazi uvame ukuguqulwa ube isignali nge-encoder.
Ukudluliswa Kwesignali
Uma ulwazi seluguqulwe lwaba isignali, ingxenye yokudlulisela inesibopho sokuthumela isignali ngemidiya ehlukahlukene yokudlulisela. Le midiya ingaxhunywa ngezintambo (njengezintambo ze-fiber optic noma zethusi) noma ingenantambo (njengamaza omsakazo noma izimpawu zesathelayithi).
Ekudlulisweni kwesignali, kusetshenziswa amasu amaningi ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwesignali okuphumelelayo nokuphumelelayo. Ukushintshashintsha kuyindlela eyodwa ebalulekile, lapho isignali yolwazi ifakwa phezu kwegagasi lomthwali ukuze idluliselwe ngesiteshi sokudlulisa. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokushintshashintsha, okuhlanganisa ukuguquguquka kwe-amplitude (AM), ukuguquguquka kwemvamisa (FM), kanye nokuguquguquka kwesigaba (PM).
Ukwamukelwa Kwesignali
Ngemva kokuba isignali ithunyelwe nge-transmission medium, kumele yamukelwe yi-receiver. Umsebenzi womamukeli ukuthola isignali edluliselwe bese eyiguqula ibe ulwazi umsebenzisi wokugcina angaluqonda. Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezingenantambo, ama-antenna adlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo. Ezinhlelweni ezinezintambo, ama-electronic receiver aguqula isignali ibe uhlobo lwayo lolwazi lwangempela.
Ukucutshungulwa Kwesignali
Ukucubungula isignali kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ulwazi olutholiwe luhlala lusezingeni eliphezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bedijithali buvumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-algorithms ahlukahlukene okucubungula isignali ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka, ukususa umsindo, nokukhulisa izimpawu ezibuthakathaka. Amanye amasu avamile asetshenziswa ekucubungulweni kwesignali afaka phakathi ukufaka ikhodi yomthombo, ukufaka ikhodi yesiteshi, kanye namasu okulungisa amaphutha.
Ukuhlanganisa Izinto Eziningi kanye Nokususa Izinto Eziningi Eziningi
Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimpawu eziningi zidinga ukudluliselwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngesiteshi esifanayo. Lokhu kwenziwa kube nokwenzeka ngamasu okuhlanganisa izimpawu eziningi zibe isignali eyodwa ehlanganisiwe yokudlulisela. Amasu okuhlanganisa izimpawu avame ukusetshenziswa yi-Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) kanye ne-Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).
Uma isignali ehlanganisiwe ifika kumukeli, inqubo yokuhlukanisa amasignali ezingxenye bese iwabuyisela esimweni sawo sokuqala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingcezu ezahlukene zolwazi zifinyelela ezindaweni zazo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Ukuphazamiseka kanye nomsindo kwezokuxhumana
Izimpawu ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana azihlali zihamba kahle. Izici ezahlukahlukene zemvelo zingabangela ukuphazamiseka nomsindo, okungathinta ikhwalithi yezibonakaliso ezithunyelwe nezamukelwe.
Ukuphazamiseka
Ukuphazamiseka ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ezinye izimpawu ezidlulisa ngesivinini esifanayo noma esiseduze nesibonakaliso ofuna ukusidlulisela. Ezinhlelweni ezingenantambo, ukuphazamiseka kuvame ukubangelwa amanye amadivayisi asebenzisa isivinini esifanayo, njengamadivayisi e-Wi-Fi, ama-oven e-microwave, noma omakhalekhukhwini.
Noise
Umsindo ukuphazamiseka okungahleliwe okungase kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwesignali. Umsindo ungavela emithonjeni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa umsindo wokushisa (obangelwa ukushukuma okungahleliwe kwama-electron kumqhubi), umsindo we-crosstalk (obangelwa ithonya lezibonakaliso emigqeni yokudlulisela eseduze), kanye nomsindo womkhathi (obangelwa izenzakalo zemvelo ezifana nombani kanye nezibonakaliso zomsakazo we-cosmic).
Onjiniyela bezokuxhumana basebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukunciphisa imiphumela yomsindo nokuphazamiseka, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezihlungi, ukufaka ikhodi yesiteshi, kanye namasu okuhlukanisa amasignali.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimpawu Nezinhlelo Ezokuxhumana Kwanamuhla
Ikhulu lama-21 leminyaka libone intuthuko esheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, ngokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu nezinhlelo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Nazi ezinye zezibonelo ezibalulekile:
Inethiwekhi Yeselula
Amanethiwekhi eselula angenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisebenzisa amasignali nezinhlelo. Kula manethiwekhi, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi eselula neziteshi eziyisisekelo kuhilela ukudluliswa kwamasignali omsakazo kusetshenziswa amasu okushintshashintsha kwedijithali kanye nokucubungula amasignali.
Internet
I-inthanethi iyinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke exhumanisa izigidi zamakhompyutha namanye amadivayisi. Amasignali edijithali asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha ngamanethiwekhi anezintambo nangenantambo, kanye nezinqubo ezithile ezilawula ukudluliselwa nokwamukelwa kwedatha.
Isathelayithi Yokuxhumana
Amasathelayithi okuxhumana athembele kumasignali omsakazo ukuze adlulisele ulwazi kusuka endaweni eyodwa eMhlabeni kuya kwenye ngesikhala. Amasu okuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokucubungula amasignali asetshenziswa ukudlulisa amasignali ngempumelelo nokunciphisa umthelela wokuphazamiseka.
Ithelevishini Yedijithali
Ithelevishini yedijithali isebenzisa izimpawu zedijithali ukudlulisa izithombe nomsindo wekhwalithi ephezulu. Kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene okubhala ikhodi kanye nokucubungula izimpawu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu zethelevishini zamukelwa ngokucacile nangaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Isiphetho
Izimpawu nezinhlelo zisenhliziyweni yezokuxhumana zesimanje. Izimpawu, zombili i-analog nedijithali, zithwala ulwazi lusuka endaweni eyodwa luye kwenye ngemidiya ehlukahlukene yokudlulisa. Izinhlelo zokuxhumana, ezinezingxenye ezifana nokudlulisa, ukwamukela, kanye nokucubungula izimpawu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi luthunyelwa futhi lwamukelwe ngempumelelo nangendlela ephumelelayo. Ukuphazamiseka okufana nokuphazamiseka nomsindo bekulokhu kuyinselele, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izimpawu buyaqhubeka nokukhula ukuze kubhekwane nazo. Ngokuqonda okujulile kwezimpawu nezinhlelo, ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana buzoqhubeka nokuthuthuka, buvule amathuba amaningi okuxhumana okulula nokungcono esikhathini esizayo.
