Isisekelo Sezomthetho Emkhakheni Wezokuxhumana
Impilo yanamuhla namuhla incike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bolwazi nokuxhumana, okwenza ukuxhumana kube umkhakha obalulekile. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe, izinsizakalo zokuxhumana zihlanganisa okungaphezu nje kokushaya ucingo nemiyalezo, kodwa futhi nedatha ye-inthanethi, izinsizakalo ze-multimedia, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene zedijithali. Kulesi simo, umthethonqubo wezokuxhumana uya ngokuya ubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza, ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokufinyelela ngokulinganayo kubo bonke. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezisekelo zomthetho zokuxhumana ezisebenza kuzo zonke izindawo ezahlukene.
Umlando Omfushane Wokulawulwa Kwezokuxhumana
Imithethonqubo yokuxhumana ithuthuke kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ekuqaleni, imithethonqubo igxile kakhulu ezinsizeni zocingo kanye nokusakazwa komsakazo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokufika kobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi kanye ne-fiber optic, imithethonqubo iye yanda ukuze ihlanganise idatha kanye nezinsizakalo ze-multimedia.
E-Indonesia, umthethonqubo wezokuxhumana waqala ngokusemthethweni ngoMthetho No. 3 ka-1989 ophathelene nezokuxhumana, owahlungwa kamuva nguMthetho No. 36 ka-1999. UMthetho No. 36 ka-1999 ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kolwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi.
Uhlaka Lwezomthetho Lwezokuxhumana e-Indonesia
Umthetho No. 36 ka-1999 ophathelene nokuxhumana
Umthetho No. 36 ka-1999 ophathelene nokuxhumana ngezingcingo (owathatha indawo yoMthetho No. 3 ka-1989) uyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokulawulwa kokuxhumana ngezingcingo e-Indonesia. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile alo mthetho afaka:
1. Incazelo Yezokuxhumana: Lo mthetho uchaza ukuxhumana njengokudluliselwa, ukuthumela, kanye/noma ukwamukela ulwazi ngesimo sezimpawu, amasignali, ukubhala, izithombe, imisindo, kanye nomsindo ngekhebula, i-optical, umsakazo, noma ezinye izinhlelo ze-electromagnetic.
2. Imithethonqubo Yokunikeza Amalayisense: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-radio frequency spectrum, ama-satellite orbit, kanye neminye imikhakha yezokuxhumana kudinga ilayisensi evela kuhulumeni, ephethwe yi-Ministry of Communication and Information.
3. Ukulawula Nokugada: Uhulumeni unegunya eliphelele lokulawula nokuphatha imisebenzi yezokuxhumana ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza ngokuhambisana nemithetho esebenzayo kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi.
4. Izibopho Zabahlinzeki: Abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokuxhumana banesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsizakalo abazinikezayo ziyahambisana nemithetho ekhona, okuhlanganisa nezici zokuphepha kwabasebenzisi, ukuphepha kanye nenduduzo.
Umthetho Kahulumeni No. 52 ka-2000 mayelana Nokunikezwa Kwezokuxhumana
Umthetho Kahulumeni (PP) No. 52 ka-2000 uwukucaciswa okwengeziwe koMthetho No. 36 ka-1999 mayelana nezici zobuchwepheshe zokusebenza kwezokuxhumana. Lo Mthetho uhlinzeka ngemininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nalokhu:
1. Izinhlobo Zezinsizakalo Zokuxhumana: Kuchaza ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuxhumana ezihilela i-radio frequency spectrum.
2. Amalungelo Nezibopho Zabahlinzeki Benethiwekhi: Ilawula amalungelo nezibopho zabahlinzeki benethiwekhi yezokuxhumana, okuhlanganisa nezici zokwabelana ngengqalasizinda kanye namanani esevisi.
3. Ukumiswa Kwezindinganiso kanye Nekhwalithi Yesevisi: Ukusungula amazinga obuchwepheshe kanye nekhwalithi yesevisi okumele kuhlangatshezwane nayo ngumhleli.
Imithethonqubo Yongqongqoshe kanye Nezindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe
Ngaphezu koMthetho kanye noMthetho Kahulumeni, kunemithethonqubo eyengeziwe eyengeziwe echazwe ngeMithethonqubo Yongqongqoshe kanye nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ezikhishwe yi-Directorate General of Postal and Information Technology Resources and Equipment (SDPPI) yoMnyango Wezokuxhumana kanye nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi. Le mithethonqubo ihlanganisa izici ezahlukahlukene ezithile, njenge:
1. I-Frequency Spectrum: Ukusetshenziswa nokwabiwa kwe-frequency spectrum yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsizakalo zokuxhumana.
2. Ukuphepha Nobumfihlo: Imithetho ephathelene nokuphepha kolwazi kanye nokuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu.
3. Isibopho Sokuxhumana: Isibopho sokuxhumana phakathi kwabahlinzeki abahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwesevisi.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokulawulwa Kwezokuxhumana
Ukuhlukahluka Komhlaba Wonke Nokuthengeka Kwawo
Esinye sezimiso ezibalulekile zokulawulwa kwezokuxhumana ukuthi yonke imiphakathi, kuhlanganise nalabo abasezindaweni ezikude, ithola izinsizakalo zokuxhumana ezingabizi. Uhulumeni wase-Indonesia, isibonelo, uqalise izinhlelo eziningana, njengePalapa Ring, zokwandisa ukusabalala kwe-inthanethi ezindaweni ezikude zezwe.
Ukuncintisana Okufanelekile
Ukuncintisana okunempilo emkhakheni wezokuxhumana kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yesevisi nokwehlisa amanani. Ngakho-ke, imithethonqubo ivame ukufaka imithetho yokulwa nokungathembani kanye nemithetho yokulwa nezinkampani ezithengisa ngokungekho emthethweni, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukungena kalula emakethe kwabadlali abasha.
Ukuvikelwa kwabathengi
Ukuvikelwa kwabathengi kuyisici esibalulekile somthethonqubo wezokuxhumana. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imibandela yokucaca kwentela, ikhwalithi yesevisi, kanye nezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano. E-Indonesia, i-Indonesian Telecommunications Regulatory Agency (BRTI) idlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekeni ukuthobela kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo amalungelo abathengi.
Ukuphepha Nobumfihlo
Ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi kanye nokuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu nakho kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezigxilwe kuzo emithethweni yokuxhumana. Umthetho No. 11 ka-2008 ophathelene nolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi kanye nokuthengiselana (ITE), owachitshiyelwa nguMthetho No. 19 ka-2016, ulawula izici ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokuphepha kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Nobuchwepheshe Obusha
Imithethonqubo idinga ukuzivumelanisa nentuthuko entsha yezobuchwepheshe njenge-5G, i-Internet of Things (IoT), kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Kulokhu, izinhlaka zomthetho zivame ukushintshashintsha futhi zidinga ukuvuselelwa njalo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokusungula izinto ezintsha ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni izimiso eziyisisekelo ezikhona.
Izinselele kanye Nekusasa Lokulawulwa Kwezokuxhumana
Ubuchwepheshe Obusha Nobuphazamisayo
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esheshayo ibeka izinselele ezihlukile kubalawuli. Ubuchwepheshe obufana namanethiwekhi esathelayithi e-5G, i-IoT, kanye ne-low-orbit (LEO) buletha amathuba amasha nezingozi ezidinga indlela yokulawula ethatha isinyathelo futhi eguquguqukayo.
Ukuvikelwa Kwedatha Nobumfihlo
Njengoba inani labasebenzisi be-inthanethi likhula, izinkinga zokuvikelwa kwedatha kanye nobumfihlo ziya ngokuya ziba zibaluleke kakhulu. Imithethonqubo idinga ukuqiniswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha yomsebenzisi ivikelwe ekuvuvukeni nasekusetshenzisweni kabi.
Ukuphepha kwe-Cybersecurity
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kuyisici esithola ukunakwa okukhulu ekulawulweni kwezokuxhumana. Izinsongo ezahlukahlukene, njengokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuxhunywa kwezingcingo, kwenza ukuphepha kube yinto eza kuqala kubalawuli.
Digital Divide
Naphezu kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokwandisa ukufinyelela kwezokuxhumana, ukuhlukana kwedijithali kusalokhu kuyinkinga ebalulekile okudingeka ixazululwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Kudingeka kuklanywe imithethonqubo ukusiza ukuvala leli gebe.
Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuvumelanisa
Esikhathini sokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, imithethonqubo yezokuxhumana ezweni ngalinye ayinakubhekwa yodwa. Kunesidingo sokuvumelanisa amazinga nemithethonqubo emazingeni esifunda nawomhlaba wonke ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kanye nokufinyeleleka kalula ngaphesheya kwemingcele.
Isiphetho
Ukulawulwa kwezokuxhumana kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okubushelelezi, okuphephile, nokungakhethi kwale mboni eyinkimbinkimbi neguquguqukayo. Uhlaka lwezomthetho olukhona kumele luvuselelwe njalo futhi luvumelane nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezidingo zomphakathi. E-Indonesia, kusungulwe uhlaka lwezomthetho oluqinile lokulawula izici ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza kwezokuxhumana. Kodwa-ke, ngezinselelo ezintsha ezivelayo, izinhlangano ezilawulayo kumele ziphendule futhi zibe nemibono emisha ekuthuthukiseni imithethonqubo efanele nephumelelayo.
