Ukuqanjwa Kwama-Organic Compounds
Amakhemikhali e-organic ayizakhi zamakhemikhali ezakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-carbon ne-hydrogen, ngezinye izikhathi nezinye izakhi ezifana nomoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, i-sulfur, i-phosphorus, nama-halogens. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama e-organic compound, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuqanjwa kwamagama e-organic, uhlelo olusetshenziselwa ukunikeza la makhemikhali amagama ahlukene nahlelekile. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama okulungile kubalulekile ngoba kusiza ekuboneni nasekuxhumaneni ngokwesayensi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo wokuqanjwa kwamagama e-organic compound ngokusekelwe emithethweni esungulwe yi-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuqanjwa Kwamagama kwe-IUPAC
Uhlelo lwe-IUPAC lwakhiwe ukuze lunikeze amagama ahlukile kumakhemikhali ngamunye ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sawo sama-molecule. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama kwe-IUPAC kuklanyelwe ukufaka ulwazi olucacile mayelana nokwakheka kwesakhiwo ukuze igama lihlukaniswe libe yisakhiwo samakhemikhali esihambisanayo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuqanjwa kwamagama okuphilayo sihilela izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: igama lomzali, isihlonzi esithatha indawo, kanye nesihlonzi sesikhundla.
1. Igama Lomzali: Libhekisela kuchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu ku-molecule.
2. Isihlonzi Esithatha Indawo: Sihlonza amaqembu noma ama-athomu aboshwe ochungechungeni oluyinhloko lwekhabhoni.
3. Isihlonzi Sesikhundla: Sibonisa indawo yesithasiselo kuchungechunge oluyinhloko lwekhabhoni.
Ama-Alkanes, ama-Alkenes, nama-Alkynes
Ake siqale ngokuqanjwa kwamagama amakhemikhali alula e-hydrocarbon: ama-alkanes (ama-compounds anezibopho ezilodwa), ama-alkenes (ama-compounds anezibopho eziphindwe kabili eyodwa noma ngaphezulu), kanye nama-alkynes (ama-compounds anezibopho eziphindwe kathathu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu).
I-Alkan
Ama-alkanes angama-hydrocarbon agcwele anezibopho ezilodwa kuphela phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Ifomula evamile yama-alkanes yi-CnH2n+2. Amagama e-alkane aphela ngo-"-ane." Izibonelo zifaka:
– I-Methane (CH4): I-alkane encane kunazo zonke ene-athomu eyodwa yekhabhoni.
– I-Ethane (C2H6): Ama-athomu amabili e-carbon, anelungiselelo: CH3-CH3.
– I-Propane (C3H8): Ama-athomu amathathu e-carbon, ane-arrangement: CH3-CH2-CH3.
Kuma-alkanes anezinkinobho zekhabhoni ezinde, amagama ayisisekelo ahunyushwe kusuka ezinombolweni zesiGreki. Izibonelo: i-butane (amakhabhoni ama-4), i-pentane (amakhabhoni ama-5), i-hexane (amakhabhoni ama-6).
I-Alken
Ama-Alkenes angama-hydrocarbon angagcwalisiwe aqukethe isibopho esiphindwe kabili se-carbon-carbon esisodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ifomula evamile ye-alkane yi-CnH2n. Igama elisemthethweni lama-alkenes liphela ngo-"-ene." Uchungechunge lomzali lubalwa kusukela ekugcineni okuseduze nesibopho esiphindwe kabili. Izibonelo zifaka:
– I-Ethene (C2H4): Ama-athomu amabili ekhabhoni anesibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kabili.
– I-Propene (C3H6): Ama-athomu amathathu e-carbon: CH2=CH-CH3.
Ama-Alkynes
Ama-Alkyne angama-hydrocarbon angagcwalisiwe aqukethe isibopho esisodwa noma ngaphezulu se-carbon-carbon triple. Ifomula yawo evamile yi-CnH2n-2. Igama elisemthethweni lama-alkyne liphela ngo-"-yne." Njengama-alkenes, ukubala kuqala ekugcineni okuseduze nesibopho se-triple. Izibonelo zifaka:
– I-Ethyne (C2H2): Ama-athomu amabili ekhabhoni anesibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kathathu.
– I-Propune (C3H4): Ama-athomu amathathu e-carbon: CH≡C-CH3.
Amaqembu Asebenzayo
Iqembu elisebenzayo liyingxenye ye-molecule esebenza njengeyunithi ephendulayo futhi inquma izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-molecule. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zamaqembu asebenzayo kanye negama lawo elihambisanayo.
utshwala
Ama-alcohol ayizinto eziqukethe iqembu le-hydroxyl (-OH) elihlanganiswe ne-athomu yekhabhoni egcwele. Amagama e-alcohol aphela ngo-“-ol.” Ukubhala izinombolo kufanele kuqinisekise ukuthi i-athomu ye--OH iphansi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isibonelo:
– I-Methanol (CH3OH): Utshwala olulula kakhulu olune-athomu eyodwa yekhabhoni.
– I-Ethanol (C2H5OH): Ama-athomu amabili e-carbon aneqembu elilodwa le-hydroxyl elixhunywe ku-carbon yokuqala.
Ama-Aldehydes namaKetone
Ama-aldehyde aqukethe iqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) elihlanganiswe ne-athomu yekhabhoni eliphinde lihlanganiswe ne-athomu ye-hydrogen. Igama le-aldehyde liphela ngo-“-al.”
Isibonelo:
– I-Methanal (HCHO): Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-formaldehyde, enekhabhoni eyodwa.
– I-Ethanal (CH3CHO) : Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-acetaldehyde, enama-carbon amabili.
Ama-ketone aqukethe iqembu le-carbonyl elihlanganiswe namanye ama-athomu amabili e-carbon. Igama le-ketone liphela ngo-“-one.”
Isibonelo:
– I-Propanone (CH3COCH3): Yaziwa nangokuthi i-acetone, enama-carbon amathathu.
Ama-Carboxylic Acids nama-Esters
Ama-asidi e-carboxylic aqukethe iqembu le-carboxyl (-COOH). Igama le-asidi ye-carboxylic liphela ngo-“-oic.”
Isibonelo:
– I-Methanoic Acid (HCOOH): Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-formic acid.
– I-Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH): Yaziwa nangokuthi i-acetic acid.
Ama-Ester akhiwa ngokusabela phakathi kwe-carboxylic acid kanye notshwala. Ama-Ester aqanjwa nge-asidi notshwala abakhayo bese ephela ngo-“-oic.”
Isibonelo:
– I-Methyl Methanoate (HCOOCH3): Ama-ester e-formic acid kanye ne-methanol.
– I-Ethyl Ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3): Ama-ester e-acetic acid kanye ne-ethanol.
Ukubhala izinombolo kanye nokuqamba amagama kwabazothatha indawo
Ukufaka izinombolo kuma-compounds kuba nzima kakhulu uma kukhona ama-substituent. I-substituent iyi-athomu noma iqembu lama-athomu elithatha indawo ye-hydrogen ku-hydrocarbon eyinhloko. Nazi izinyathelo ezijwayelekile:
1. Khetha uchungechunge oluyinhloko: Khetha uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu oluqukethe iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo.
2. Ukubhala izinombolo: Bhala izinombolo kulolu chungechunge kusukela ekugcineni okuseduze neqembu lokuqala lokusebenza noma indawo esikhundleni salo.
3. Thola Izinto Ezithatha Indawo: Qamba izinto ezithatha indawo njengeziqalo bese ubeka izinto ezithatha indawo ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama.
4. Isikhombisi Sesikhundla: Sebenzisa izinombolo ukukhombisa indawo yento ngayinye ethatha indawo kuchungechunge oluyinhloko.
Isibonelo:
– 2-Methylpropene (C4H8): Iketanga eliyinhloko yi-propene (amakhabhoni amathathu anesibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kabili). I-Methyl ithatha indawo yekhabhoni yesibili.
– 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane (C8H18): Uchungechunge oluyinhloko yi-hexane (amakhabhoni ayi-6). I-ethyl substituent ikwikhabhoni yesithathu kanti i-methyl substituent ikwikhabhoni yesibili.
Isiphetho
Ukuqanjwa kwamagama amakhemikhali e-organic kuyisisekelo esibalulekile kumakhemikhali e-organic. Uhlelo lwe-IUPAC lunikeza umhlahlandlela ohlelekile nohlanganisayo wokuhlonza nokuqamba amagama amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene e-organic. Ngokuqonda imithetho nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokuqanjwa kwamagama, singakwazi ukuhamba kalula futhi sixhumane emkhakheni we-organic chemistry.
