Izibalo ku-Ethnography
I-Ethnography ibilokhu yaziwa njengendlela yokucwaninga egcizelela ukuqonda okujulile: abacwaningi bakhona emiphakathini, bebuka imikhuba yansuku zonke, benza izingxoxo ezijulile, futhi babhala phansi ulimi, izimpawu, ubudlelwano bamandla, kanye nezincazelo ezifakwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwalabo abafundwayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-ethnography ivame ukubekwa “njengokwekhwalithi kuphela”—njengokungathi iqhelelene nezinombolo, izilinganiso, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo. Kodwa-ke, emisebenzini yocwaningo lwezenhlalo lwanamuhla, izibalo zingadlala indima ebalulekile ekucebiseni i-ethnography ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izimpawu zayo: ukuzwela komongo kanye nokujula kokuhumusha.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela izibalo ezingasetshenziswa ngayo ngokufanele ku-ethnography, ukuthi izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yazo iyini, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo emsebenzini wasensimini.
Kungani Izibalo Zibalulekile Ku-Ethnography?
Izibalo empeleni zingamathuluzi okufingqa ukuhlukahluka namaphethini kudatha. Ezimweni ze-ethnographic, idatha ivame ukuthatha isimo samanothi asensimini, imibhalo yengxoxo, izithombe, izinto zobuciko, kanye nemibhalo. Kodwa-ke, ababhali be-ethnographic baphinde babhekane nedatha ngokulinganisa okuningana: ukuvama kwemicimbi, inani labahlanganyeli emasikweni, amaphethini okuvakashela izindawo ezithile, amanethiwekhi obudlelwano, iminyaka noma ukusatshalaliswa komsebenzi kwabanolwazi, ngisho nezinguquko zamanani, amaholo, noma izindleko zasekhaya ezithinta imikhuba yamasiko.
Ukusebenzisa izibalo akusho ukuthi i-ethnography iphenduka inhlolovo enkulu. Esikhundleni salokho, izibalo lapha zingaqondwa njengethuluzi lokwenza okulandelayo: (1) ukucacisa amaphethini avela ekubonweni, (2) ukuhlola ngokuhlelekile izinkolelo zabacwaningi, (3) ukwandisa ukucaca kwenqubo yokuhlaziya, kanye (4) nokwenza izimpikiswano ze-ethnography zibe namandla lapho kukhulunywa ngezilaleli zenqubomgomo noma umphakathi obanzi ovame ukufuna ubufakazi bezinombolo.
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Izibalo ku-Ethnography
1) Izibalo Ezichazayo Zokubamba Umongo
Izindlela ezilula kakhulu—kodwa ezivame ukuba wusizo kakhulu—yizibalo ezichazayo: amaphesenti, izindlela, ama-median, amazinga, kanye nezibalo ezihlanganisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-ethnography yomphakathi wokudoba, abacwaningi bangafingqa ukwakheka kwezindlela zokuphila (abadobi, izisebenzi, abadayisi bezinhlanzi), amazinga emfundo, noma ukuhlukahluka kwezinkathi zokudoba. Lezi zinombolo azithathi indawo yendaba, kodwa zinikeza uhlaka olucacile: "kungakanani" nokuthi "kangaki" umkhuba uyenzeka, ukuze abafundi baqonde ubukhulu nokusabalala kwawo.
Isibonelo, emindenini engu-30 eyaxoxwa, engu-18 yayithembele kakhulu ekudobeni ukuze ithole imali, engu-7 ekucubunguleni izinhlanzi, kanye nengu-5 emisebenzini engeyona eyokudoba. Lolu lwazi lungalola ukuhlaziywa kokuqina komnotho, ukwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi, kanye nokuba sengozini yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
2) Ukubalwa Kwamaphethini Okuphindaphinda Nokusebenzisana
Amanothi asensimini avame ukuqukatha imicimbi ephindaphindayo: imihlangano yomphakathi, izingxabano ezincane, izinhlobo zokubingelelana, ukunikeza izipho, noma imikhuba ethile yokusebenzisa. Abacwaningi bangakwazi ukubhala ikhodi yalezi zenzakalo futhi babale imvamisa yazo ngesikhathi, indawo, noma iqembu lomphakathi. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemicimbi "evelele" ngoba iyidrama kanye naleyo "evamile" ngoba iyinto evamile.
Isibonelo, abacwaningi baqopha ukuxhumana okungu-60 esitolo sekhofi emavikini amabili. Ngokusebenzisa ikhodi elula (izihloko zengxoxo, isikhulumi esivelele, amahora aphezulu), bakwazi ukubona amaphethini okuxhumana phakathi kwesikhala somphakathi, ukuhlelwa kobulili, kanye nokukhiqizwa kombono womphakathi ezingeni lendawo.
3) Ukuhlaziywa Kwenethiwekhi Yokuxhumana
I-Ethnography inamandla ekuqondeni ubudlelwano bezenhlalo—ubani oseduze nobani, ubani onethonya, nobani oxhumanisa amaqembu. Izibalo zenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu zingasiza ekucabangeni nasekulinganiseni lezi zakhiwo zobudlelwano, isibonelo ngezilinganiso “zobukhulu” (ubani ophakathi kakhulu), “ubuningi” (ukuthi inethiwekhi ibanzi kangakanani), noma “ukuxhumanisa” (ubani oxhumanisa amaqembu).
Ezifundweni zezinhlangano zomphakathi, idatha yenethiwekhi ingatholakala ngemibuzo elula: “Uya kubani ukuze uthole usizo uma unenkinga?” noma “Uhlala uxhumana nobani?” Imiphumela ingahambisana nezindaba ze-ethnographic mayelana nobuholi obungahlelekile noma ukuthi ubani ophethe izintambo ngemuva kwezakhiwo ezisemthethweni.
4) Izindlela Ezixubile: Ukuhlanganisa I-Ethnography kanye Nezinhlolovo
Izifundo eziningi zisebenzisa umklamo wezindlela ezixubile: i-ethnography isetshenziselwa ukuqonda umongo nokwakha imibuzo efanele, kulandelwe izinhlolovo ezincane ukuhlola ubukhulu balezi zindlela emphakathini. Le ndlela ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukusekelwa kwenani lokuqonda kwekhwalithi."
Isibonelo, i-ethnography efektri yezingubo ithole ukuthi isikhathi esengeziwe "sokuzithandela" empeleni sasithonywe yizingcindezi zomphakathi kanye nemigomo yokukhiqiza. Ucwaningo olufushane lungalinganisa ukuthi abasebenzi babhekane kangakanani nalezi zingcindezi, ukuthi zahlukahluka kanjani eminyangweni yonke, nokuthi zihlobene kanjani nesimo senkontileka. Imiphumela yezibalo inika isisindo ezitholweni ze-ethnography, kuyilapho i-ethnography ichaza izindlela nezincazelo ngemuva kwezinombolo.
5) Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqukethwe Okulinganiselwe Kudatha Yombhalo
Okubhaliwe kwengxoxo kanye namadokhumenti kungahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokulinganisa njengokuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe: ukubala ukuvela kwezindikimba noma amagama angukhiye, ukuqhathanisa izindikimba emaqenjini, noma ukubheka izinguquko engxoxweni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le ndlela ingenziwa ngesandla ngokufaka ikhodi noma ngosizo lwesofthiwe.
Nokho, ababhali bezinhlobo zabantu kudingeka baqaphele: ukuvama kwegama akubonisi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukubaluleka kwalo. Isihloko singase singakhulunywa kakhulu kodwa sibe bucayi kakhulu; noma ngokuphambene nalokho, singase sivele njalo ngoba “siwulimi olusemthethweni” oluphindaphindwayo, hhayi ulwazi oluphilayo. Yilapho ukuhumusha kwezinhlobo zabantu kuhlala kusemqoka khona.
Izinzuzo Zezibalo Zezingxabano Ze-Ethnographic
Okokuqala, izibalo zingathuthukisa ukuqina. Lapho abacwaningi bethi, "Lo mkhuba uvamile," abafundi bangabona izinkomba: ukuthi uvame kangakanani, kumaphi amaqembu, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo.
Okwesibili, izibalo zisiza ukugcina ibhalansi phakathi kwezehlakalo eziphawulekayo kanye namaphethini ansuku zonke. Ababhali bezibalo bavame ukuhlangana nezikhathi ezinamandla nezishukumisayo—ingxabano evulekile, amasiko amakhulu, izehlakalo zenhlekelele—kodwa izibalo zisiza ukuletha lezo zikhathi endaweni efanele.
Okwesithathu, izibalo zenza kube lula ukuxhumana nabenzi bezinqubomgomo. Izinqubomgomo eziningi zomphakathi ziqhutshwa yizinkomba. Izinhlobo zabantu ezisekelwa yidatha yobuningi zivame ukufinyeleleka kalula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukujula.
Ukulinganiselwa Nezingozi: Izinombolo Azikaze Zibe Nhlangothi
Nakuba ziwusizo, izibalo ku-ethnography zinezingozi ezithile.
1. Ukuncishiswa Kwezinto: Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kuncishiswe kube yizinto eziguquguqukayo. Kodwa-ke, izincazelo zamasiko zivame ukungavumelani, ukuphikisana, kanye nesimo.
2. Ukukhohlisa ngokungakhethi: izinombolo zibonakala “ziqinisekile,” yize ukukhetha izigaba, indlela yokubuza imibuzo, kanye nenqubo yokufaka amakhodi kuthonywa kakhulu yisimo somcwaningi.
3. Izinkinga zokuthatha amasampula: I-Ethnography ayisebenzisi amasampula angahleliwe. Ngakho-ke, izinombolo azikwazi ukwenziwa zijwayelekile ngokwezibalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinombolo zisetshenziswa ngokufanele ukusekela izimpikiswano zomongo, hhayi izimangalo ezijwayelekile.
4. Ukuziphatha kanye nobumfihlo: Idatha yobuningi, ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi omphakathi, ingaveza ubunikazi noma isikhundla sabantu emphakathini. Ababhali bezibalo kumele babe nesibindi kakhulu mayelana nokungaziwa kanye nemvume yabahlanganyeli.
Amasu Asebenzayo Okusebenzisa Izibalo Ku-Ethnography
Ukuze izibalo zibe usizo ngempela, kunezindlela eziningana ezingasetshenziswa:
– Kusukela emibuzweni ye-ethnographic: izibalo zikhethwa ukuphendula imibuzo yasensimini, hhayi ukuze zibonakale “zingokwesayensi”.
– Sebenzisa izinombolo njengeziqondiso, hhayi abahluleli: uma idatha ikhombisa iphethini engajwayelekile, buyela ensimini—buza, qaphela, futhi uqonde.
– Yiba sobala ekubhaleni amakhodi: chaza ukuthi izigaba zadalwa kanjani, ukuthi idatha yabalwa kanjani, nokuthi imiphi imikhawulo.
– Beka phambili ukuhumusha okuphathelene nomongo: izinombolo kudingeka zibekwe endabeni yezenhlalo—ubani okhulumayo, kuziphi izimo, futhi kube yimiphi imiphumela.
I-Penutup
Izibalo kanye ne-ethnography akuzona izindawo ezimbili okufanele ziphikisane. I-ethnography inikeza ukujula, ukuguquguquka, kanye nomuzwa wencazelo; izibalo zinikeza indlela yokufingqa ngokuhlelekile amaphethini kanye nokwehluka. Uma kuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela, lokhu kokubili kungakhiqiza ucwaningo olucebile endabeni futhi oluhehayo empikiswaneni: olukwazi ukuchaza hhayi kuphela "okwenzekile" kanye "nokuthi kwakusho ukuthini kubahlanganyeli," kodwa futhi "ukuthi kwande kangakanani," "kaningi kangakanani," kanye "nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo" imikhuba yamasiko yenzeka.
Ekugcineni, izibalo ku-ethnography aziphathelene nokushintsha amazwi abantu ngezinombolo, kodwa zimayelana nokwengeza olunye ungqimba lobufakazi ukuze senze ukuqonda kwethu impilo yomphakathi kuphelele, kube nomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi kube nokufaneleka ezilalelini ezahlukahlukene.
