Izibalo ku-Anthropology
I-anthropology ivame ukuqondwa njengesayensi ehlobene eduze nezindaba—izindaba zokuphila, amasiko, izimpawu, kanye nezincazelo ezabiwe ngabantu kuzo zonke izizinda ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ngale kwalezi zindaba ezicebile, i-anthropology nayo idinga indlela yokuqonda amaphethini ngendlela ehlelekile. Yilapho izibalo zidlala khona indima ebalulekile. Izibalo zisiza izazi ze-anthropology ukuguqula okubonwayo kube okutholakele okungahlolwa, kuqhathaniswe, futhi kudluliselwe ngendlela ekholisayo. Ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zekhwalithi kanye nezibalo, i-anthropology ingaphendula imibuzo efana nokuthi "kusho ukuthini" kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthi "kwenzeka kangaki," "kubaluleke kangakanani umthelela wayo," kanye nokuthi "ingabe le ndlela ihlukile kuwo wonke amaqembu?"
Kungani izibalo zibalulekile ku-anthropology?
Umgomo oyinhloko we-anthropology ukuqonda abantu ezimweni zabo zenhlalo-zamasiko, zebhayoloji, zezilimi, kanye nezomlando. Emsebenzini wasensimini, izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukuhlangana nedatha eyinkimbinkimbi: izingxoxo, amarekhodi okubuka, izinto zobuciko, izilinganiso zomzimba, idatha yezempilo, amanethiwekhi obudlelwano, ngisho namaphethini okufuduka. Izibalo zisiza ukufingqa lobu bunzima zibe ulwazi olungahunyushwa njengezindlela, ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguquguquko, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwemiphakathi.
Izibalo nazo zibalulekile ekwandiseni ukunemba kweziphetho. Isibonelo, lapho izazi ze-anthropologist zithi umkhuba wesiko "wanda" phakathi nenkathi ethile, isimangalo siqina uma sisekelwa ukubalwa kwemvamisa, ukuqhathanisa phakathi konyaka, noma ukuhlolwa kokubaluleka. Ngamanye amazwi, izibalo ziqinisa izimpikiswano ngobufakazi obulinganisekayo.
Izinhlobo zedatha ocwaningweni lwe-anthropological
I-Anthropology ikhiqiza idatha ehlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile, idatha ingaba ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
1. Imininingwane eqokiwe: izigaba ezingahlelekile, njengohlobo lomsebenzi, ukuzibandakanya kweqembu, noma uhlobo lwesiko.
2. Idatha ejwayelekile: izigaba ezilandelanayo, isibonelo izinga lemfundo (isikole samabanga aphansi, isikole samabanga aphakathi, isikole samabanga aphezulu, ikolishi) noma isikali sokuhlola isimo sengqondo.
3. Idatha yesikhawu/yesilinganiso: izinombolo ezinamabanga abalulekile, njengemali engenayo, ubudala, ukuphakama, inani lamalungu omndeni, noma ukuvama kokuvakashela izindawo zokukhulekela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha eningi yabantu "ixubile." Isibonelo, imiphumela yengxoxo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba bese ihlaziywa kanye nedatha yocwaningo. Lo mkhuba ugcizelela ukuthi izibalo azithathi indawo yezindlela zokuhlola, kodwa kunalokho ziyazigcwalisa.
Izibalo ezichazayo: ukufingqa iqiniso lomphakathi
Isigaba sokuqala sokusetshenziswa kwezibalo ngokuvamile kuba izibalo ezichazayo, indlela yokufingqa idatha. Izazi ze-anthropology zingabala isilinganiso, isilinganiso, imodi, iphesenti, kanye nezilinganiso zokusatshalaliswa njengokuphambuka okujwayelekile. Isibonelo, ucwaningo ngamaphethini okusetshenziswa kokudla kwasekhaya lungabonisa isilinganiso sezindleko zokudla zamasonto onke kanye nokwehluka kwazo kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.
Ukubuka ngeso lengqondo nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezibalo ezichazayo. Amashadi ebha angabonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebenzi edolobhaneni, kuyilapho ama-histogram angabonisa ukusatshalaliswa kweminyaka emshadweni wokuqala. Amamephu anezihloko (njengokusatshalaliswa kolimi noma amamephu okufuduka) asiza ukuxhumanisa izinombolo nezindawo zomphakathi nezendawo.
Izibalo zokuqagela: kusukela kusampula kuya kubantu
Uma izazi ze-anthropology zifuna ukuthola iziphetho ezibanzi kusukela kudatha eziyiqoqayo, zisebenzisa izibalo zokucabanga. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu lapho ucwaningo lusebenzisa amasampula futhi luhlose ukuqonda inani elikhulu labantu.
Ezinye izibonelo zemibuzo engasiza ekuphenduleni izibalo zokuqagela:
– Ingabe kukhona umehluko omkhulu ekufinyeleleni izinsizakalo zezempilo phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ezinhlanga?
– Buqine kangakanani ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinga lemfundo kanye nesimo sengqondo ngomshado wesintu?
– Yisiphi isici esinomthelela omkhulu ezinqumweni zokufuduka: umsebenzi, amanethiwekhi omndeni, noma imfundo?
Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka phakathi i-t-test, i-chi-square, i-ANOVA, i-correlation, kanye ne-regression. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kumele kuhambisane nomklamo wocwaningo, uhlobo lwedatha, kanye nomongo wezenhlalo ofundwayo.
I-anthropology yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezibalo
Ku-anthropology yezinto eziphilayo, izibalo zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba idatha eningi iyalinganiswa (isb., ukuphakama, isisindo, inkomba yesisindo somzimba, usayizi wekhanda ezifundweni ze-paleoanthropological, noma idatha yezakhi zofuzo zabantu). Izibalo zisiza ekuhloleni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo zabantu, ukuqonda ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo, nokulandelela ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwayo isifundo sokukhula kwengane emphakathini othile. Izazi ze-anthropology zingaqhathanisa ama-curve okukhula nezindinganiso ezithile bese zihlola izici zomphakathi ezifana nokudla, ukufinyelela ekuhlanzeni, noma umthwalo womsebenzi womndeni ongase uhlobane nesimo sokudla okunempilo.
I-anthropology yezenhlalo namasiko: izibalo ziyahlangabezana nencazelo
Ku-anthropology yezenhlalo namasiko, inselele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinombolo azilahlekelwa umongo. Inombolo ingase ibonise ukuthi umkhuba uyenzeka emindenini engama-70%, kodwa ayichazi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kungani lowo mkhuba ubalulekile, ukuthi incazelo yawo ixoxiswana kanjani, noma ukuthi ubani ozuzayo nolahlekelwayo.
Ngakho-ke, izibalo zivame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokujulisa ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi. Isibonelo, uma idatha yocwaningo ibonisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezisencane azinawo amathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela emasikweni, izazi ze-anthropology zingalandela ngezingxoxo ezijulile ukuze zithole ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokushintsha kwezindinganiso, izingcindezi zomnotho, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, noma izinguquko emagunyeni endabuko. Izibalo zinikeza imephu yamaphethini, kuyilapho i-ethnography inikeza okuqukethwe kanye nencazelo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu kanye nobudlelwano
Enye insimu ekhulayo ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu. I-Anthropology sekuyisikhathi eside ifunda ubudlelwano bomndeni kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi, kodwa izibalo kanye nesayensi yenethiwekhi zivumela ukuhlaziywa okulinganiselwe kakhulu: ukuthi ubani osebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwamaqembu, ukuthi inethiwekhi yokusekela inzima kangakanani, noma ukuthi ulwazi lusakazeka kanjani.
Ezifundweni zokufuduka, isibonelo, amanethiwekhi obudlelwano angachaza ukuthi kungani abantu bekhetha idolobha elithile: ngoba izihlobo zinikeza indawo yokuhlala noma ukufinyelela emisebenzini. Besebenzisa izilinganiso zenethiwekhi ezifana nokuma noma ubuningi, izazi ze-anthropologist zingabala izinhlaka zamandla, ubumbano, kanye nokuncika emphakathini.
Izinselele kanye nokuziphatha kokusebenzisa izibalo
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ku-anthropology akunazo izinselele. Okokuqala, kukhona ingozi yokuncipha: amaqiniso amasiko acebile angancishiswa abe yizinto eziguquguqukayo ezincane. Okwesibili, kukhona ukubandlulula ekulinganisweni: imiqondo efana "nenhlalakahle," "inkolo," noma "ubuwena" kunzima ukuyilinganisa ngaphandle kokwenza incazelo yayo ibe lula kakhulu. Okwesithathu, kukhona ukumelwa kanye nokusampula: imiphakathi emincane noma amaqembu amancane ngokuvamile kunzima ukuwamela ngokwezibalo, ngakho-ke iziphetho kumele zithathwe ngokuqapha.
Ngokombono wokuziphatha, idatha yobuningi ingabonakala kalula uma ingenziwanga igama ngokufanele, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini emincane. Izazi ze-anthropology zidinga ukuqinisekisa imvume yababambiqhaza enolwazi, zigcine imfihlo, futhi zigweme ukusebenzisa idatha engalimaza amaqembu athile. Izinombolo zingasetshenziswa kabi futhi ukuqinisa imibono engafani, ngakho-ke ukuhumusha kumele kube nozwela futhi kube nomthwalo wemfanelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela: indawo ephakathi ekhiqizayo
Indlela evame kakhulu izindlela ezixubile, ezihlanganisa izinhlolovo zobuningi kanye ne-ethnography esezingeni eliphezulu. Izazi ze-anthropology zingaqala ngokubuka ensimini ukuze ziqonde izigaba zendawo bese ziklama amathuluzi okuhlola abonisa kangcono amaqiniso endawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphumela yocwaningo ingaqondisa ukukhethwa kwabanolwazi ukuze kuxoxwe ngokujulile.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kukhiqiza ucwaningo olunamandla: izinombolo zinikeza ukucaca kwamaphethini, kuyilapho izindaba zinikeza incazelo kanye nokuqondana. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu okubili kwenza i-anthropology ikwazi ukukhuluma nezilaleli ezahlukahlukene—izifundiswa, abenzi benqubomgomo, kanye nemiphakathi efundwayo.
I-Penutup
Izibalo ku-anthropology aziwona umzamo "wokwenza izibalo" zamasiko, kodwa kunalokho ziyithuluzi lokwandisa ikhono le-anthropology lokufunda impilo yabantu. Ngezibalo, izazi ze-anthropology zingahlola imibono, ziqhathanise amaqembu, zihlele ukuhlukahluka, futhi zakhe izimpikiswano eziqinile. Kodwa-ke, amandla ezibalo kumele ahlale elinganiswe nokuqonda umongo, ukuzindla okubucayi, kanye nokuziphatha kocwaningo. Ekugcineni, ukuhlangana kwezinombolo nencazelo kuthuthukisa i-anthropology: kungabamba imininingwane yokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ibona amaphethini amakhulu akha imiphakathi.
