Umbono Wezenhlalo ka-Emile Durkheim
U-Émile Durkheim wayengumuntu obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuqala kwesayensi yezenhlalo njengesifundo sezemfundo. Eyaziwa ngemibono ebalulekile njengobumbano lomphakathi, i-anomie, namaqiniso omphakathi, umsebenzi kaDurkheim uthonye kakhulu indlela esiqonda ngayo isakhiwo kanye nokuguquguquka komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sizochaza imibono nemibono eyahlukahlukene eyethulwa ngu-Émile Durkheim kanye nokufaneleka kwayo ezifundweni zesimanje zezenhlalo.
Isizinda kanye Nomongo
UDurkheim wazalelwa e-Épinal, eFrance, ngo-1858 futhi wakhulela endaweni ethanda kakhulu inkolo. Kodwa-ke, intshisekelo yakhe ezifundweni zezenhlalo kanye nokukholelwa kwakhe esidingweni sezindlela zesayensi zokuqonda umphakathi kwamholela ekubeni amukele indlela yokucabanga engeyona eyezwe. Wathola iziqu zobudokotela kwefilosofi wabe esenikela impilo yakhe ekuthuthukiseni nasekufundiseni isayensi yezenhlalo.
Amaqiniso Ezenhlalo
Omunye wemibono eyisisekelo kakhulu yenkolelo-mbono kaDurkheim amaqiniso omphakathi. Ngokusho kukaDurkheim, amaqiniso omphakathi ayizindlela zokwenza, ukucabanga, kanye nokuzizwa ngaphandle kwabantu, abanamandla okuphoqa nokulawula ukuziphatha kwabo. Amaqiniso omphakathi angaba yizimiso, izindinganiso, imithetho, noma amasiko akhona emphakathini. UDurkheim waphikisana ngokuthi amaqiniso omphakathi kumele afundwe ngobuqotho, njengezinto ezisayensini zemvelo. Wagcizelela isidingo sokuhlukanisa okubonwayo komphakathi nezindinganiso zomcwaningi ukuze kutholakale imiphumela efanelekile nethembekile.
Ubumbano Lomphakathi
UDurkheim wasungula umqondo wobumbano lomphakathi ukuze achaze izibopho ezihlanganisa abantu emphakathini. Wahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zobumbano: ubumbano lomshini kanye nobumbano olungokwemvelo.
1. Ubumbano Lwemishini: Lolu hlobo lobumbano luvela emiphakathini elula noma yendabuko, lapho abantu babelana khona ngemisebenzi efanayo. Lokhu kufana kudala izibopho eziqinile phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi. Ubumbano lwemishini luncike kakhulu ekufaneni kwamasiko kanye nokwethembana okuhlangene.
2. Ubumbano Lwemvelo: Njengoba imiphakathi iba yinkimbinkimbi, kuhlukana okukhulu kwemisebenzi. Ubumbano lwemvelo lusekelwe ekungafani nasekuthembeleni phakathi kwabantu emphakathini. Umuntu ngamunye noma iqembu linendima ehlukile ohlelweni olukhulu, kodwa bonke bathembele komunye nomunye ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo.
I-Anomi
UDurkheim uphinde wethula umqondo we-anomie ukuchaza isimo lapho imithetho yezenhlalo evame ukulawula impilo futhi eyakha izimiso zamasiko ibhidlika khona. I-anomie yenzeka ezimweni zokuguquka noma ushintsho olusheshayo kwezenhlalo, lapho izakhiwo nezimiso ezivamile zingasatholakali noma zingasasebenzi kahle. Lesi simo singaholela ekungazinzini kwezenhlalo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwempilo yomuntu ngamunye, okungathinta amazinga okuzibulala, ubugebengu, nezinye izinkinga zomphakathi.
Ucwaningo Ngokuzibulala
Omunye wemisebenzi kaDurkheim edumile kakhulu yincwadi ethi “Le Suicide” (1897), lapho asebenzisa khona imiqondo yakhe yezenhlalo ukuhlaziya isimo sokuzibulala. Kulolu cwaningo, uDurkheim uhlonze izinhlobo ezine zokuzibulala ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokuhlanganiswa komphakathi kanye nokulawulwa komphakathi:
1. Ukuzibulala Okunobugovu: Kwenzeka lapho umuntu ezwa ukuntuleka kokuxhumana noma ukuhlangana nomphakathi. Abantu bazizwa bebodwa futhi bengenanjongo noma injongo ecacile empilweni.
2. Ukuzibulala Okunozwelo: Okuphambene nokuzibulala okunozwelo, lolu hlobo lwenzeka lapho izinga lokuhlanganiswa komphakathi liphezulu kakhulu, okudinga abantu ukuba bazidele ukuze kuzuze iqembu noma umphakathi.
3. Ukuzibulala Okungalawuleki: Lolu hlobo lwenzeka ezimweni ze-anomie, lapho imithetho yezenhlalo ingekho noma ingekho khona, okwenza umuntu azizwe edidekile futhi engenaso isiqondiso empilweni.
4. Ukuzibulala Okubangelwa Yisiphetho: Kwenzeka lapho imithetho yezenhlalo idlula ngokweqile, kangangokuthi umuntu uzizwa ecindezelwe kakhulu yimithetho noma izilawuli eziqinile kakhulu.
Imfundo Nenkolo
UDurkheim wayenesithakazelo esijulile endimeni yemfundo nenkolo ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni komphakathi. Wayebona imfundo njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokudlulisela isiko kanye nezindinganiso ezihlangene kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye. Encwadini yakhe ethi “L'éducation morale” (1902), uDurkheim uchaze ukuthi imfundo ayigcini nje ngolwazi lwezemfundo, kodwa futhi imayelana nokwakhiwa kokuziphatha kanye nomphakathi okusekela ubumbano lomphakathi.
Emsebenzini wakhe ngenkolo, ikakhulukazi encwadini yakhe ethi “Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse” (1912), uDurkheim wahlola inkolo njengeqiniso lezenhlalo elinomthelela onamandla wokuhlanganisa umphakathi. Wagcizelela ukuthi inkolo ngokuyisisekelo iwukubonakaliswa kobumbano kanye nobumbano lwezenhlalo, lapho amasiko nezinkolelo zisebenza ukuqinisa izibopho zomphakathi nokunikeza incazelo ehlangene.
Ukubaluleka kukaDurkheim kuSociology Yanamuhla
Nakuba imibono kaDurkheim yathuthukiswa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, iminikelo yakhe kwezenhlalo isasebenza kakhulu nanamuhla. Imibono yakhe ngamaqiniso ezenhlalo, ubumbano lomphakathi, i-anomie, kanye nemfundo isasetshenziswa njalo yizazi zezenhlalo ukuhlaziya izenzakalo zomphakathi zanamuhla. Isibonelo, inkolelo-mbono ye-anomie isasebenza kakhulu ekuqondeni izinkinga zomphakathi ezivela ekushintsheni okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe kanye nomnotho.
Ukugcizelela kukaDurkheim ukubaluleka kwendlela yesayensi ezifundweni zomphakathi kwabeka isisekelo sezenhlalo njengesifundo sezemfundo esihlonishwayo. Imibono yakhe yagcizelela isidingo sokucabangela izici zangaphandle ekufundweni kokuziphatha komphakathi futhi yakhuthaza indlela eqotho neqondakalayo yocwaningo lomphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila ebunyeni bomphakathi kanye nemisebenzi ehlanganisa izikhungo zomphakathi kusalokhu kubaluleke kakhulu esimweni sezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuningi bamasiko, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, kanye nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi emiphakathini yanamuhla.
Isiphetho
U-Emile Durkheim wenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo njengesifundo esisebenzayo. Ngemibono efana namaqiniso omphakathi, ubumbano lomphakathi, i-anomie, kanye nezindima zemfundo nenkolo, uDurkheim wanikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi imiphakathi isebenza kanjani futhi isebenzisana kanjani. Ukubaluleka kwemibono yakhe ezifundweni zezenhlalo zanamuhla kusikisela ukuthi ifa lakhe lizoqhubeka nokuthonya indlela esiqonda ngayo amandla omphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi isikhathi eside esizayo.
