Ithiyori YamaMarxist Ekuhlaziyweni Kwesakhiwo Somphakathi
UbuMarxism buyinkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo neyezepolitiki eyasungulwa nguKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels ngekhulu le-19. Lo mbono wavela ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho okwenzeka ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni. UbuMarxism bugxile ekuhlaziyeni izakhiwo zomphakathi ngokusekelwe emandleni kanye nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza, ngenhloso yokugcina yokufinyelela umphakathi ongenazo izigaba lapho izindlela zokukhiqiza ziphethwe khona ngokubambisana.
Imvelaphi Nesizinda SobuMarxism
UKarl Marx wazalelwa eTrier, eJalimane, ngo-1818 futhi kamuva wafunda eNyuvesi yaseBonn naseBerlin, lapho athonywa khona yimicabango kaHegelian. UFriedrich Engels, owazalelwa eBarmen, ePrussia, ngo-1820, wayengusomabhizinisi kanye nososayensi wezenhlalo owabambisana noMarx emisebenzini eminingana ebalulekile eyaba yisisekelo senkolelo-mbono kaMarx. Omunye wemisebenzi yabo eyayinethonya elikhulu kwakuyi-"Communist Manifesto," eyanyatheliswa ngo-1848. Kuyo, baxoxa ngengxabano yesigaba phakathi kobunxiwankulu (isigaba esasiphethe izindlela zokukhiqiza) kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi (isigaba sabasebenzi).
Izisekelo Zomcabango KaMarxist
Inhliziyo yobuMarxism kukhona inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana kwezigaba, ethi umlando womphakathi umlando wokulwa kwezigaba. UMarx no-Engels baphikisana ngokuthi yonke indlela yokukhiqiza (indlela umphakathi ohlela ngayo ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo) idala izigaba zomphakathi ezinezintshisekelo ezingqubuzanayo. Bahlonza izindlela eziningana zokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ubukhapitali, ubusoshiyali, kanye nobukomanisi.
Ingxabano Yekilasi
Ngokusho kukaMarx, umphakathi wanamuhla wobungxowankulu uqukethe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. Osomabhizinisi – Isigaba esiphethe izindlela zokukhiqiza njengezimboni, umhlaba, kanye nemali. Yisigaba esilawula ukukhiqiza futhi siqasha abasebenzi.
2. Isigaba sabasebenzi – Isigaba sabasebenzi esingenazo izindlela zokukhiqiza futhi okumele sithengise amandla aso ezisebenzi ukuze sithole amaholo.
Ingxabano phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili iyisisekelo sokuhlaziywa kweMarx. Onxiwankulu bafuna ukugcina noma ukwandisa amandla abo ezomnotho, kuyilapho abasebenzi belwela izimo zokusebenza ezingcono, futhi ekugcineni, ukuphela kohlelo lwe-capitalist uqobo.
Ukuthanda Izinto Ezibonakalayo Komlando
Izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando yindlela uMarx ayisebenzisa ukuhlaziya intuthuko yomlando yomphakathi ngeso lezomnotho. Ngokusho kwezinto ezibonakalayo zomlando, amandla ayinhloko okuqhuba emlandweni ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza kanye nendlela ukukhiqiza okuhlelwe ngayo. UMarx waphikisana ngokuthi izinguquko esisekelweni somnotho womphakathi zithinta isakhiwo sawo sonke somphakathi kanye nemibono, into ayevame ukuyibiza ngokuthi isisekelo kanye nesakhiwo esingaphezulu.
Isakhiwo Somphakathi ku-Marxist Theory
UbuMarx buhlinzeka ngamathuluzi okuqonda okuhlaziya izici ezahlukahlukene zesakhiwo senhlalo emphakathini. Eminye yemibono eyinhloko esetshenziswa kulo mbono ihlanganisa:
Isisekelo kanye ne-Superstructure
Isisekelo (isisekelo sezomnotho): Sibhekisela endleleni yokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza. Isisekelo sezomnotho sihlanganisa zonke izindlela abantu abakhiqiza ngazo izimpahla nezinsizakalo kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo obuhilelekile kuleyo nqubo yokukhiqiza.
Isakhiwo Esiphezulu: Sibhekisela kuzo zonke izikhungo zomphakathi, zamasiko, kanye nezepolitiki ezingaphezu kwesisekelo sezomnotho. Isakhiwo esingaphezulu sihlanganisa umthetho, ezombusazwe, inkolo, imfundo, kanye nemibono. Ngokusho kukaMarx, isakhiwo esingaphezulu sithuthuka ngenhla futhi sithonywa isisekelo sezomnotho, kodwa futhi sinethonya elilinganayo esisekelweni.
Ekuhlaziyweni kobuMarxist, isisekelo somnotho sibhekwa njengesidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esingaphezulu. Isibonelo, emiphakathini yobungxowankulu, izikhungo zesakhiwo esingaphezulu zivame ukukhonza ukugcina nokuvikela izintshisekelo zesigaba sobungxowankulu.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ukuhlukaniswa kungenye into ebalulekile kumbono kaMarxist, ebhekisela esimweni lapho abasebenzi bezizwa behlukanisiwe nezithelo zomsebenzi wabo. Emiphakathini yobungxowankulu, abasebenzi abanalo igunya phezu kwemikhiqizo abayikhiqizayo, inqubo yokukhiqiza, noma ezinye izinqumo ezibalulekile endaweni yokusebenza. UMarx wahlonza izinhlobo ezine zokuhlukaniswa:
1. Ukuzihlukanisa nomkhiqizo wabasebenzi: Izisebenzi aziwuboni umkhiqizo wabasebenzi bazo njengento ezinayo ngoba umkhiqizo ungowosomabhizinisi.
2. Ukuzihlukanisa nenqubo yomsebenzi: Izisebenzi azinawo amandla okulawula indlela ezisebenza ngayo, okunqunywa yizinkapitali.
3. Ukuzihlukanisa nabo: Abasebenzi bazizwa behlukanisiwe nekhono labo langempela ngoba abakwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo kanye nobuciko ezimweni zokusebenza zobungxowankulu.
4. Ukuzihlukanisa nabanye abasebenzi: Abasebenzi bazizwa behlukanisiwe nabanye ngoba bahileleke ekuncintisaneni hhayi ekubambisaneni.
Ukuqaphela Isigaba
Ukuqonda ngezigaba umqondo obhekisela ezingeni lokwazi komuntu noma iqembu mayelana nesikhundla sabo sezigaba kanye nezintshisekelo emphakathini. UMarx waphikisana ngokuthi abasebenzi, abasesikhundleni esingaphansi kobudlelwano bokukhiqiza be-capitalist, badinga ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda ngezigaba ukuze bakwazi ukuqonda izimo zokuxhashazwa kwabo futhi bahlangane ukuze balwe nesigaba esibusayo.
UMarx wahlukanisa phakathi “kwesigaba ngokwaso” kanye “nesigaba ngokwaso.” “Isigaba ngokwaso” sibhekisela eqenjini labantu ababelana ngesikhundla esifanayo ebuhlotsheni bokukhiqiza, kodwa abangakaqapheli noma abangakahleleli ukulwela izintshisekelo zabo ezifanayo. “Isigaba ngokwaso” sibhekisela esigabeni lapho amalungu eqembu labasebenzi esethuthukise khona ukuqonda kwesigaba futhi ahlangene ukulwa nokuxhashazwa.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundiso YamaMarxist Ekuhlaziyweni Kwesakhiwo Somphakathi Sanamuhla
Naphezu kokugxekwa okuningi kwenkolelo-mbono kaMarxist, imibono eyisisekelo yokungqubuzana kwezigaba kanye nokuguquguquka kwamandla iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ekuhlaziyweni kwezenhlalo kwanamuhla. Izinguquko emnothweni womhlaba kanye nemikhuba yokusebenza yesimanje zivame ukuhlaziywa kusetshenziswa ilensi kaMarxist ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi amandla nokungalingani kuqhubeka kanjani nokusebenza ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zomphakathi zamanje.
Isibonelo, ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonke kudale izinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi emazweni asathuthuka. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zivame ukuhambisa umkhiqizo wazo emazweni aneholo eliphansi, lapho izimo zokusebenza zimbi khona futhi amalungelo abasebenzi evame ukunganakwa. Ukuhlaziywa kweMarxist kungasiza ekuqondeni ukuthi la mandla asebenza kanjani nokuthi ubudlelwano bomhlaba wonke bokukhiqiza budala kanjani ukungalingani okusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela esikhathini sedijithali nayo idale izimo ezintsha lapho abasebenzi bezizwa behlukanisiwe nomsebenzi wabo. Umsebenzi we-gig kanye nomnotho wepulatifomu kuhlolwa ngemfundiso kaMarxist ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi abasebenzi kule mikhakha bavame ukubhekana kanjani nezimo zokusebenza ezingaphephile nezisengozini.
Kwezemfundo, imikhakha eyahlukene yesayensi yezenhlalo efana ne-sociology, i-anthropology, kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-Marxist ukuhlola izinkinga zomphakathi zanamuhla kusukela ekungalinganini kwezomnotho kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. I-Marxism inikeza uhlaka lokuqonda ukuthi ezomnotho kanye nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza bumba kanjani izakhiwo zomphakathi, nokuthi lezi zakhiwo zingashintshwa kanjani ngomzabalazo wezigaba.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yamaMarxist iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya lokuqonda izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye namandla okusebenza emphakathini. Igxile ebuhlotsheni bokukhiqiza kanye nokungqubuzana kwezigaba, i-Marxism inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi kungani ukungalingani nokuxhashazwa kuvela nokuthi kunganqotshwa kanjani. Nakuba le thiyori yaqala ukuthuthukiswa ngekhulu le-19, izimiso zayo eziyinhloko zisasebenza ekuqondeni izinselele zomphakathi nezomnotho esibhekene nazo emphakathini wanamuhla.
