Imfundiso Yokungqubuzana Kwezenhlalo Yanamuhla
Ithiyori yokungqubuzana iyindlela enkulu kwezenhlalo egcizelela indima yokungqubuzana, ukungezwani, kanye namandla ekugcineni ukungalingani kanye nokubusa emphakathini. I-sociology yanamuhla ixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nale thiyori, enikeza izincazelo zezakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kobudlelwano bamandla ngaphakathi kwazo. Nakuba ithiyori yokungqubuzana ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi kaKarl Marx, izazi eziningi zezenhlalo zanamuhla ziye zathuthukisa futhi zandisa le mibono eyisisekelo ukuze ziqonde izimo zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezweni lanamuhla.
Umlando kanye Nemvelaphi Yenkolelo-mbono Yezingxabano
Ithiyori yengxabano isekelwe kakhulu ekucabangeni kukaKarl Marx, owagxila ekungqubuzaneni kwezigaba njengomshayeli oyinhloko woshintsho lomphakathi. UMarx waphikisana ngokuthi umlando ungumlando womzabalazo wezigaba, lapho umphakathi uhlukaniswe khona ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: onxiwankulu (abanikazi bezindlela zokukhiqiza) kanye nabasebenzi (abasebenzi). Ngokusho kukaMarx, ukuxhashazwa kwesigaba sabasebenzi yisigaba esinazo izindlela zokukhiqiza kungumthombo oyinhloko wengxabano yomphakathi ezogcina iholele ekuguqukeni nasekushintsheni komphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana ayigcini ekuhlaziyweni kwekilasi. Isibonelo, uMax Weber wandisa ububanzi benkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana ngokwethula imiqondo efana nesimo namandla njengezingxenye ezengeziwe ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo. Waphikisana ngokuthi ukungqubuzana akuveli nje kuphela ekungafani kwezomnotho kodwa futhi nasekungafanini kwesimo sezenhlalo namandla ezepolitiki.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zenkolelo-mbono Yezingxabano
Izimiso eziningana ezibalulekile zisekela inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana kwezenhlalo yanamuhla. Okokuqala, le nkolelo-mbono ikholelwa ukuthi ukungqubuzana akunakugwenywa empilweni yomphakathi ngenxa yokungalingani ekusatshalalisweni kwezinsizakusebenza, amandla, kanye nesimo. Okwesibili, le nkolelo-mbono icabanga ukuthi ukungqubuzana komphakathi kungamandla ayinhloko aqhuba ushintsho komphakathi. Okwesithathu, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana igcizelela ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi zivame ukubonisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungalingani okuqiniswa futhi kuqhutshekiswe yizikhungo zomphakathi.
Izintshisekelo ezingqubuzanayo phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalo ahlukene zivame ukuba yimbangela enkulu yezingxabano. Isibonelo, esimweni senqubomgomo yomphakathi, amaqembu anezintshisekelo ezihlukene angase afune ukuthonya inqubomgomo ukuze kuzuze wona. Lokhu kungaholela engxoxweni eshisayo kanye nokungezwani komphakathi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundiso Yokungqubuzana Kwezenhlalo Zanamuhla
Ku-sociology yanamuhla, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana iye yathuthuka kakhulu. Intuthuko eyodwa ebalulekile ukuvela kwenkolelo-mbono yokugxeka, ehlanganisa izici zenkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana nokuqonda okuvela kwifilosofi nakwezinye isayensi yezenhlalo. Inkolelo-mbono yokugxeka ihlose ukudalula izinhlobo ezahlukene zokubusa kanye nokungabi nabulungisa emphakathini futhi inikeza izindlela zokubhekana nalezi zinkinga.
Omunye weminikelo ebalulekile yethiyori ebucayi ukuhlaziywa kwemibono. Ngokusho kwabafundisi bemibono ababucayi, izinhlelo zemibono ezibusayo emiphakathini yobungxowankulu zivame ukuqinisa nokuqhubekisela phambili izakhiwo zokungalingani. Abezindaba, imfundo, kanye nezinye izikhungo zamasiko zidlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo ngokusabalalisa imibono yomhlaba ezuzisa amaqembu abusayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana iye yacebiswa yizifundo zobulili, uhlanga, kanye nobuzwe. Isibonelo, ubufeministi buguqule futhi bandisa inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana ukuze kuchazwe ukungalingani ngokobulili. Izazi zezenhlalo zobufeministi ezifana noDorothy Smith noPatricia Hill Collins zibonise ukuthi ukubusa kwamadoda kanye nobukhapitalisti kuhlangana kanjani ukudala nokugcina ukubusa ngokobulili.
Emkhakheni wezifundo zohlanga nobuhlanga, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana isetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ukuthi ubandlululo nobandlululo oluhlelekile kuthinta kanjani amaqembu ahlukahlukene ohlanga nobuhlanga. Le nkolelo-mbono isiza ukuqonda ukungalingani okubhekene namaqembu amancane futhi iqokomisa indima yezikhungo zomphakathi ekuqiniseni noma ekunqobeni lokhu kungalingani.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwethiyori Yokungqubuzana Ekuhlaziyweni Kwanamuhla
Ithiyori yokungqubuzana iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa ukuhlaziya izinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo zomphakathi zanamuhla. Isibonelo, esimweni somhlaba wonke, iwusizo ekuqondeni ukuthi ukugeleza komhlaba wonke kwemali kanye nabasebenzi kungadala kanjani ukungabi nabulungisa kanye nokuxhashazwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zivame ukuvezwa njengabalingisi abasebenzisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki ukuze bazuze bona, kuyilapho abasebenzi emazweni asathuthuka bevame ukuba yizisulu zale mikhuba yokuxhashazwa.
Kwezepolitiki, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana iyasiza ekuchazeni indlela abaholi bezepolitiki abasebenzisa ngayo amandla abo ukuze balawule inqubomgomo kanye nokubusa. Ukungalingani kwezepolitiki kuvame ukubonakalisa nokuqinisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho, lapho amaqembu amakhulu esebenzisa izinsiza zawo ukuthonya izinqumo zezepolitiki ukuze kuzuze wona.
Ezingeni lendawo, inkolelo-mbono yengxabano nayo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukungezwani komphakathi emiphakathini. Isibonelo, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabantu bomdabu kanye nabasanda kufika ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kungahlaziywa kusetshenziswa uhlaka lwenkolelo-mbono yengxabano. Ngokuvamile, amaqembu anokulawula okukhulu izinsiza azofuna ukuzigcina, kuyilapho amaqembu azizwa entula azofuna izindlela zokushintsha isimo.
Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso Yokungqubuzana
Naphezu kwethonya layo, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana ayizange ihlale ngaphandle kwabagxeki bayo. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuthi ivame ukugxila ekuphikisweni nasekungavumelanini, ngaleyo ndlela inganaki amathuba okubambisana nokuzwana emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abagxeki bathi inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana ingase ibe yinto enqumayo kakhulu, becabanga ukuthi ukungabi nabulungisa nokungqubuzana akunakugwenywa.
Kodwa-ke, abasekeli bemfundiso yokungqubuzana bakhomba iqiniso lokuthi ukungalingani kanye nokungqubuzana kuyizimo ezingenakugwenywa ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi. Baphikisana ngokuthi ngokuqonda izimbangela kanye nokuguquguquka kokungqubuzana, singathola izindlela zokubhekana nalezi zinkinga.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yengxabano isalokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya emphakathini wesimanje. Ngokugqamisa indima yokungalingani, amandla, kanye nengxabano ekugcineni nasekuguquleni izakhiwo zomphakathi, isisiza siqonde ukuguquguquka okuthonya impilo yansuku zonke. Naphezu kokugxekwa kwayo, ukubaluleka kanye nokusebenza kwethiyori yengxabano ezimweni ezahlukene zomphakathi kubonisa ukuthi isalokhu iyinto ebalulekile ezifundweni zezenhlalo zanamuhla. Ezweni elihlala lishintsha futhi libhekene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungabi nabulungisa, uhlaka lokuhlaziya olunikezwa yithiyori yengxabano luzoqhubeka nokunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kososayensi bezenhlalo kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo.
