Imfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwezenhlalo kanye Nentuthuko Yezenhlalo
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komphakathi kungenye yezinkolelo-mbono eziningi ezaziwa kwezenhlalo kanye ne-anthropology ukuqonda intuthuko yemiphakathi yabantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le nkolelo-mbono izama ukuchaza indlela imiphakathi ethuthuka, eshintsha ngayo, futhi evumelana nezimo zayo. Iphefumulelwe ngumqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo owethulwe nguCharles Darwin, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komphakathi ibheka ushintsho komphakathi njengenqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane ethonywa izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, kanye namasiko.
1. Incazelo kanye nomsuka wethiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komphakathi
Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo yaqala ukwethulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 njengendlela yokuchaza intuthuko yemiphakathi yabantu kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezilula kuya kweziyinkimbinkimbi. Abanye babantu ababalulekile abahilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwale mfundiso bahlanganisa uHerbert Spencer, uLewis Henry Morgan, no-Edward Burnett Tylor.
UHerbert Spencer, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezenhlalo saseNgilandi, wayengumqali ekuthuthukisweni kwenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo. Udume ngesimiso sakhe "sokusinda kwabanamandla," kamuva esafakwa enkolelweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo. USpencer wasebenzisa lesi simiso emphakathini, ekholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi eziqine kakhulu neziguquguqukayo kakhulu zizosinda futhi zichume.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwezenhlalo
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo iye yathuthukiswa futhi yaguqulwa. Kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni kwale nkolelo-mbono:
a. Ukuguquka Kwezenhlalo Kwakudala
Kulesi sigaba, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo icabanga ukuthi imiphakathi ithuthuka ngezigaba eziqondile kusukela kwezilula kuya kweziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Abacabangi abanjengoMorgan noTylor baphikisana ngokuthi yonke imiphakathi yabantu izodlula ezigabeni ezifanayo zentuthuko, njengokuzingela nokuqoqa, ezolimo, bese kuba imboni. Babekholelwa nokuthi ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo nemvelo kwakuyizinto eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuvela komphakathi.
b. I-Neo-Evolutionism
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo yaqala ukushintsha ngokukhula kwe-neo-evolutionism, eholwa ngabantu abanjengoLeslie White noJulian Steward. Bagxeka umbono oqondile wenkolelo-mbono yakudala futhi baqaphela ukuthi intuthuko yezenhlalo ayihlali ilandela indlela efanayo kuyo yonke imiphakathi. UWhite wethula umqondo "wamandla" njengento ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwezenhlalo, ethi imiphakathi ethuthukile isebenzisa amandla ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSteward wathuthukisa umqondo "wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okunemigqa eminingi," ogcizelela ukuthi imiphakathi ingathuthuka ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngesimo sayo semvelo kanye nomlando. Le ndlela iguquguquka kakhulu futhi iphelele kunethiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yakudala futhi ikhombisa ubunzima bentuthuko yezenhlalo yabantu.
c. Ithiyori Yokuziphendukela Kwezenhlalo Yanamuhla
Inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka nanamuhla. Izazi eziningi zezenhlalo zesimanje kanye nezazi ze-anthropology zihlanganisa izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye izinkolelo-mbono, njengenkolelo-mbono yezinhlelo kanye nenkolelo-mbono yobunzima. Bahlola ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezithonya ushintsho kwezenhlalo, njengethonya lomhlaba wonke, ubuchwepheshe bedijithali, kanye noshintsho lwezemvelo.
3. Izici Ezithonya Ukuguquka Komphakathi
Izici ezahlukahlukene zingathonya ukuvela komphakathi kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi. Nazi ezinye zazo:
a. Ubuchwepheshe
Ubuchwepheshe buyisihluthulelo sokuguquka komphakathi. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumela imiphakathi ukuthi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukuxhumana, kanye nezokuthutha. Kusukela ekuguqukeni kwezolimo kuya ekuguqukeni kwezimboni kanye noguquko lwedijithali lwanamuhla, ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lube nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlakeni zomphakathi kanye nezindlela zokuphila zabantu.
b. Umnotho
Umnotho nawo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni komphakathi. Izinguquko ezinhlelweni zomnotho, njengokushintsha kusuka kwezolimo kuya emnothweni wezimboni, zingaletha izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini, okuhlanganisa izinguquko ezakhiweni zesigaba somphakathi, ubudlelwano bezisebenzi, kanye nokwabiwa kwengcebo.
c. Ezombusazwe
Izinhlelo zezombusazwe kanye nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni nazo zithonya indlela yokuvela komphakathi. Izinguquko ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni, njengokusukela ebukhosini kuya entando yeningi, zingathinta izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla. Impi, ubukoloni, kanye nezinhlangano zezepolitiki nazo zivame ukuba yizimbangela zoshintsho emphakathini.
d. Isiko Nenkolo
Isiko nenkolo kunethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi ngokwakha izindinganiso, izindinganiso, kanye nezinkolelo ezisekela isenzo somphakathi. Amasiko amasiko kanye nezinguquko ezinhlelweni zezinkolelo kungakhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha noma ukulondoloza izindinganiso emphakathini.
e. Imvelo
Indawo engokoqobo lapho umphakathi ukhona khona nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni komphakathi. Izimo zezwe, izinsiza zemvelo ezitholakalayo, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungathonya indlela umphakathi ozivumelanisa ngayo nezimo futhi othuthuka ngayo.
4. Izibonelo Zentuthuko Yezenhlalo Esekelwe Emcabangweni Wokuziphendukela Kwezenhlalo
Ezinye izibonelo ezibonisa intuthuko yomphakathi ngeso lenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo zifaka:
a. Inhlangano Yokuzingela Nokuqoqa
Ezigabeni zokuqala, abantu babehlala emaqenjini amancane ayethembele ekuzingeleni nasekuqoqeni. Babenesakhiwo esilula senhlalo esingenazo izigaba eziningi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi okusekelwe kubulili kanye nobudala.
b. Inguquko Yezolimo
Ukushintsha kusuka ekuzingeleni nasekubuthaneni kuya kwezolimo kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezinhlakeni zomphakathi. Ukulima okuhlala phansi kwavumela ukuqongelela kokudla okusalile, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha, ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezifundazwe.
c. Inguquko Yezimboni
Inguquko Yezimboni yekhulu le-18 nele-19 yaphawula ukuguquka kusuka kwezolimo kuya emnothweni wezimboni. Lokhu kwaholela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwasemadolobheni, ukwanda kokukhiqiza nokusebenza kahle, izinguquko esakhiweni somndeni, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezisebenzayo neziphakathi.
d. Inhlangano Yolwazi
Namuhla, siphila emphakathini wolwazi lapho ubuchwepheshe bedijithali kanye ne-inthanethi kushintsha indlela esixhumana ngayo, esisebenza ngayo, nesiphila ngayo. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nomnotho osekelwe olwazini kuyizimpawu ezibalulekile zalo mphakathi.
5. Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwezenhlalo
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo inikeza uhlaka oluwusizo lokuqonda ushintsho kwezenhlalo, iphinde yabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu. Ezinye zezigxeko eziyinhloko zifaka:
a. Ubuhlanga
Ithiyori yokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo yayivame ukubhekwa njengegxile ethnocentric ngoba yayivame ukubuka intuthuko yemiphakathi yaseNtshonalanga njengesibonelo sayo yonke imiphakathi. Lokhu kwakushaya indiva ukuhlukahluka kanye nobunzima bentuthuko yezenhlalo emhlabeni jikelele.
b. Ukuzinqumela
Indlela eqondile kakhulu yeminye imibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo ayinaki indima yenkululeko yomuntu siqu ekudaleni ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Igcizelela izici zesakhiwo nezinto ezibonakalayo njengeziqhubi eziyinhloko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo.
c. Ubulula
Amamodeli aqondile nalula okuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo, njengoba ephakanyiswe yizazi zemfundiso zakudala, awakwazi ukuthola ngokwanele ubunzima kanye nokuguquguquka okukhona emiphakathini yabantu.
6. Isiphetho
Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emphakathini iyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqonda ukuthi imiphakathi yabantu ithuthuka futhi ishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusukela kumamodeli akudala kuya ezindleleni zanamuhla, le thiyori inikeza ukuqonda ngezici ezithonya ukuvela komphakathi, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, isiko, kanye nemvelo. Nakuba kukhona ukugxekwa kwale thiyori, ukuqonda okuphelele nokubanzi kokuvela komphakathi kungasisiza siqonde kangcono ubunzima boshintsho lomphakathi esibhekene nalo manje nasesikhathini esizayo.
