Umbono kaMax Weber Wezenzo Zomphakathi
UMax Weber (1864–1920) ungomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu kwezenhlalo yesimanje. Iminikelo yakhe ayigcini nje ezifundweni zakhe zobungcweti, inkolo, kanye nezomnotho, kodwa futhi nasekuqondeni kwakhe isenzo somuntu empilweni yomphakathi. Omunye wemibono eyinhloko kaWeber yinkolelo-mbono yesenzo somphakathi, uhlaka lokuchaza indlela abantu abenza ngayo ngokucabangela izincazelo zomuntu siqu kanye nokuqondiswa kwabanye. Ngale nkolelo-mbono, uWeber wasiza isayensi yezenhlalo ukuba idlulele ngale kokuchaza izakhiwo zomphakathi ekuqondeni izisusa kanye nezincazelo ngemuva kwezenzo zomuntu.
Isenzo senhlalo: umongo wokucabanga kukaWeber
Ngokusho kukaWeber, akuzona zonke izenzo zabantu ezingabizwa ngokuthi "isenzo somphakathi." Isenzo siba isenzo somphakathi kuphela uma siqukethe incazelo yomuntu siqu kumdlali futhi siqondiswe—esingokoqobo noma esicatshangwayo—kwabanye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uWeber wagcizelela ukuthi isenzo somphakathi akuyona nje ukunyakaza ngokomzimba, umkhuba ozenzakalelayo, noma ukusabela okungokwemvelo. Okubalulekile ukuthi umdlali unikeza kanjani incazelo ezenzweni zakhe nokuthi ucabangela kanjani izenzo noma okulindelwe abanye.
Isibonelo, umuntu ovula isambulela emvuleni kungaba isenzo esiwusizo sokugwema ukumanziswa—kungaba isenzo esivamile somuntu ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, uma evula isambulela ngoba efuna ukubonakala ehloniphekile kozakwabo noma ukubonakala echwepheshile kubaphathi bakhe, khona-ke isenzo sakhe sinokuthambekela okucacile kwezenhlalo. Ngakho-ke, ukugxila kukaWeber akukhona nje “kulokho okwenziwayo,” kodwa kunalokho “kungani isenzo senzelwa obani nokuthi senzelwa bani.”
Verstehen: ukuqonda incazelo ngaphakathi
Indlela kaWeber ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomqondo kaVerstehen (isiJalimane: "ukuqonda"). I-Verstehen iyindlela yokuhumusha yokuqonda isenzo sezenhlalo ngokuzama ukubamba incazelo ehloswe ngabalingisi. UWeber waphikisana ngokuthi i-sociology ayanele ukumane iqoqe idatha yezibalo noma ichaze ukuziphatha kwabantu ngemithetho ejwayelekile njengesayensi yemvelo. I-sociology kumele ikwazi ukuhumusha izisusa, imigomo, kanye nezindlela abantu abaqonda ngazo umhlaba wabo wezenhlalo.
Nokho, ukuqonda kukaWeber akukhona nje ukuqagela. Wagcizelela isidingo sezincazelo ezinengqondo nezinomthwalo wemfanelo, isibonelo ngokwakhiwa kabusha kwezisusa ezisekelwe kumongo wezenhlalo, imibhalo, izingxoxo, kanye nobudlelwano obunengqondo phakathi kwesizathu nomphumela. Ngakho-ke, uVerstehen uhlanganisa ukuhumusha incazelo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesayensi.
Umehluko phakathi kukaWeber, uDurkheim noMarx
Ukuze uqonde isikhundla sikaWeber, kubalulekile ukubheka umehluko wakhe kwabanye abantu. U-Émile Durkheim wayevame ukugcizelela "amaqiniso omphakathi" akhona ngaphandle futhi avimbela abantu ngabanye (njengezimiso, imithetho, kanye nezikhungo). UKarl Marx wagcizelela ukungqubuzana kwezigaba kanye nesakhiwo sezomnotho njengezinto eziyinhloko ezibangela ushintsho lomphakathi. UWeber akazange alenqabe isakhiwo, kodwa wagomela ngokuthi isakhiwo somphakathi asinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokucabangela izenzo zomuntu ngamunye kanye nezincazelo abantu abazinamathisela kulezo zenzo.
Ngamanye amazwi, uWeber ubeka umuntu njengomuntu oqala ukuhlaziya, kodwa hhayi umuntu ohlukanisiwe—kodwa kunalokho umuntu ohlala exhumene nenethiwekhi yobudlelwano bomphakathi, amasiko, izindinganiso, namandla.
Izinhlobo ezine ezinhle kakhulu zesenzo somphakathi
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaWeber kwaba ukuhlukaniswa kwakhe kwezinhlobo ezine zezenzo zomphakathi. UWeber wabiza lezi “zinhlobo ezifanelekile,” amamodeli omqondo asiza ukuchaza iqiniso, yize empilweni yangempela, isenzo somuntu sivame ukuba yingxube yezinhlobo eziningana.
1. Isenzo sokucabanga sezinsimbi zomculo (Zweckrational)
Kuyisenzo esisekelwe ekubaleni okunengqondo mayelana nemigomo kanye nendlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuyifinyelela. Umlingisi ucabangela izinketho ezahlukene, abale izinzuzo nezingozi, bese ekhetha isu eliphumelela kakhulu.
Isibonelo: Usomabhizinisi uthuthukisa isu lokumaketha elisekelwe ocwaningweni lwemakethe ukuze andise ukuthengisa. Ukhetha indlela ayibheka njengenenzuzo kakhulu futhi engenabungozi kakhulu.
2. Isenzo esinengqondo esigxile enanini (i-Wertrational)
Lesi senzo sihlala sinengqondo, kodwa isisusa saso asikona ukusebenza kahle, kodwa kunalokho ukuzibophezela ezindinganisweni ezibhekwa njengeziyiqiniso, ezingcwele, noma ezinenjongo. Umenzi wobubi wenza ngokukholwa, noma umphumela ungase ube yingozi enkulu.
Isibonelo: othile uba yisisebenzi sokuzithandela endaweni enenhlekelele hhayi ngenxa yenzuzo yakhe siqu, kodwa ngoba enomuzwa wokuthi ukusiza abanye kuyisibopho sokuziphatha.
3. Isenzo sokuthinta (sokuthinta)
Izenzo zothando ziqhutshwa imizwa noma imizwa ezenzakalelayo, njengentukuthelo, uthando, ukwesaba, noma ukudabuka. Ukucabanga okubaliwe kuvame ukuba buthaka, njengoba izenzo zivela ekuqhumeni kwemizwa.
Isibonelo: Umuntu umemeza emsebenzini ngoba ecindezeleke kakhulu. Uziphatha ngokomzwelo, hhayi ngokusekelwe emigomweni yesikhathi eside.
4. Izenzo zendabuko
Izenzo zendabuko zenziwa ngokwesiko eligxilile. Umenzi wobubi wenza ngokwesiko, inqubo, noma ifa lamasiko ngaphandle kokucabanga kakhulu.
Isibonelo: abantu benza amasiko athile minyaka yonke ngoba “bekulokhu kunjalo,” yize abanye abantu bengase bangasaziqondi izizathu zokuqala.
Lezi zinhlobo ezine zisisiza ukuthi sifunde ukuziphatha komphakathi ngokucace kakhudlwana: ingabe isenzo sibalwa ngokwecebo, siqhutshwa yizindinganiso zokuziphatha, sishukunyiswa imizwa, noma silandela nje isiko?
Ukucabanga kabusha kanye nesimanje
Umbono kaWeber wezenzo zomphakathi uhlobene eduze nomqondo wakhe wokwenza izinto zibe ngcono emphakathini wanamuhla. UWeber wabona isimanje njengenqubo yokwandisa ukubusa kwezenzo ezinengqondo nezinsimbi emikhakheni eyahlukene: ezomnotho, umthetho, ukuphatha, imfundo, ngisho nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuthuthukiswa kobungxowankulu, ubushiqela, kanye nesayensi kwakhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlole umhlaba ngokusebenza kahle, ukubikezela, kanye nokulawula.
Kodwa-ke, uWeber uphinde waxwayisa “ngesikhindi sensimbi” sesimanje: lapho ukuqonda kwezinsimbi kuba yinto ebusayo, impilo yabantu iba sengozini yokuba yomile, ibanjwe yimithetho, izinqubo, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza kahle ezinciphisa inkululeko kanye nencazelo. Kulesi simo, inkolelo-mbono yezenzo zomphakathi ichaza ukuthi ukuqondiswa kwezenzo zabantu kungaguquka kanjani kusuka ezindinganisweni namasiko kuye ekubalweni kobuchwepheshe.
Ukubaluleka kwenkolelo-mbono yesenzo somphakathi empilweni yanamuhla
Ithiyori kaWeber isabalulekile ekuqondeni izenzakalo zanamuhla. Isibonelo, endaweni yokusebenza yanamuhla, izenzo eziningi ziqondiswa yizinhloso, izinkomba zokusebenza, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola—isibonelo esinamandla sokucabanga okusebenzayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukunyakaza komphakathi, ukulwela imvelo, kanye nezenzo zobuntu kubonisa isenzo esigxile enanini. Imithombo yezokuxhumana nayo ibonisa inhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezenzo: abantu bangathumela njengesu lokuthengisa uphawu lomuntu siqu (izinsimbi), ngenxa yokuqiniseka kokuziphatha (inani), ngenxa yemizwa yesikhashana (imizwa ethinta inhliziyo), noma ngokulandela nje izitayela (imikhuba yedijithali yendabuko).
Le mbono iwusizo futhi ekuqondeni ukungqubuzana komphakathi: ukungezwani ngokuvamile akuphathelene nezintshisekelo zezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela, kodwa futhi kumayelana nokungqubuzana kwezincazelo, izindinganiso, kanye nezindlela zokubuka umhlaba. Ngokuqonda izisusa zesenzo, ingxoxo yokuxhumana nabantu ingaba nozwela kakhulu futhi izixazululo zibe ngokoqobo kakhudlwana.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori kaMax Weber yesenzo somphakathi ibeka incazelo yomuntu siqu kanye nokuqondiswa komphakathi njengesihluthulelo sokuqonda umphakathi. Esebenzisa indlela kaVerstehen, uWeber wakhuthaza isayensi yezenhlalo ukuba ichaze isenzo somuntu ngokombono womdlali ngaphandle kokushiya ukuhlaziywa kwesayensi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwakhe kwezinhlobo ezine zesenzo somphakathi—ukucabanga kwezinsimbi, ukucabanga okugxile enanini, ukucabanga okuthinta inhliziyo, kanye nokucabanga kwendabuko—kunikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokuhumusha ukuziphatha komphakathi ezimweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ezweni lanamuhla elinengqondo futhi elilinganiswayo, ukucabanga kukaWeber kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi isenzo somuntu asikaze sibe sodwa: ngemuva kwezinqumo, imikhuba, kanye nokusabela, kuhlale kunezincazelo ezibumba indlela esiphila ngayo ndawonye. Ithiyori yesenzo somphakathi akuyona nje umqondo wezemfundo, kodwa futhi iyindlela yokuziqonda njengabantu abaphila nabantu abaxoxa njalo ngemigomo, izindinganiso, imizwa, kanye namasiko ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
