Ithiyori Yezenhlalo Yobugebengu Nokulawula Komphakathi
I-sociology yobugebengu iyigatsha le-sociology elifunda ubugebengu njengento yomphakathi. Ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko akukhona nje ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni kodwa futhi nasezinqubweni zomphakathi ezisekela, ezakha, futhi ezichaza ubugebengu. Ngokombono wezenhlalo, ubugebengu abumi bodwa njengephutha lomuntu ngamunye, kodwa buhlobene nezakhiwo zomphakathi, ubudlelwano bamandla, izimo zomnotho, isiko, kanye nezimpendulo zezikhungo ezifana namaphoyisa, izinkantolo, kanye nezikhungo zokulungisa izimilo. Uhlaka olulodwa olubalulekile lokuqonda ukuthi kungani umuntu elandela noma ephula izindinganiso yi-social control theory. Le thiyori ibuza umbuzo oyisisekelo: uma wonke umuntu enethuba lokuphambuka, kungani abantu abaningi belandela imithetho?
Ububanzi beSociology yobugebengu
Ku-sociology yobugebengu, ubugebengu buqondwa ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, umenzi wobubi: indlela isizinda somndeni, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, kanye namanethiwekhi omphakathi anikela ngayo emathubeni nasezinqumweni zomuntu zokwenza ubugebengu. Okwesibili, isisulu: ukuthi kungani amaqembu athile esengozini enkulu yokuhlukunyezwa, nokuthi izici ezifana nesigaba somphakathi, ubulili, ubudala, noma indawo zithonya kanjani ingozi yokuhlukunyezwa. Okwesithathu, ukusabela komphakathi: indlela umphakathi kanye nombuso abachaza ngayo izenzo ezithile njengobugebengu, nokuthi ukubiza amagama, ukucwasa, kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa umthetho kungaqinisa noma kunciphise ubugebengu.
I-sociology yobugebengu ibeka ubugebengu ngaphakathi komongo woshintsho lomphakathi. Ukufudukela emadolobheni, ukufuduka kwabantu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukungasebenzi, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kuvame ukushintsha amaphethini obugebengu. Isibonelo, ubugebengu basemgwaqweni bungakhula ezindaweni ezinokulawulwa komphakathi okubuthakathaka, kuyilapho ubugebengu be-inthanethi bukhula njengoba ukuthembela komphakathi ezinsizeni zedijithali kukhuphuka. Ngakho-ke, i-sociology yobugebengu ayihloli nje kuphela "ubani owenza ubugebengu" kodwa futhi "ukuthi kungani isenzo sibhekwa njengobugebengu" nokuthi "umphakathi usabela kanjani kuso."
Ubugebengu Njengento Eyenzeka Emphakathini
Emphakathini, izimiso nemithetho zisebenza njengeziqondiso zokuziphatha. Kodwa-ke, izimiso azisetshenziswa ngokulinganayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukungalingani ekuphoqelelweni komthetho kuvame ukugqanyiswa ku-sociology yobugebengu: ukwephulwa komthetho okwenziwe amaqembu anamandla kungacutshungulwa ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo eyenziwa amaqembu ancishisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo yobugebengu ingashintsha kuye ngesimo sezepolitiki nesokuziphatha. Isibonelo, ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezazibhekwa njengeziwubugebengu zingabuyekezwa ukuze zibe semthethweni ngokushintsha kwenqubomgomo, kanye nokuphikisana nalokho.
I-sociology yobugebengu iphinde igcizelele ukuthi ubugebengu buvame ukuhlotshaniswa namathuba kanye nemikhawulo. Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezinokufinyelela okulinganiselwe emfundweni, amathuba emisebenzi alinganiselwe, kanye nokuchayeka ebudloveni kusukela ebuntwaneni bangase babe sengozini enkulu yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuphambene. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izici zomphakathi azizona "izaba" kodwa kunalokho ziyithuluzi lokuhlaziya lokuqonda amaphethini kanye nokuvimbela.
Isingeniso ku-Social Control Theory
Ithiyori yokulawula umphakathi ingenye yethiyori eyinhloko ku-criminology yezenhlalo echaza ukuthi kungani abantu bengenzi ubugebengu. Isisekelo sayo esiyisisekelo ukuthi ukuphambuka kuhlale kungenzeka, kodwa abantu bayakugwema ngenxa yezibopho zomphakathi, ukuqondisa, kanye nokufakwa ngaphakathi kwezindinganiso.
Ngokuvamile, ukulawula umphakathi kungahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukulawula okusemthethweni kanye nokulawula okungahlelekile. Ukulawula okusemthethweni kufezwa ngezikhungo ezisemthethweni ezifana namaphoyisa, izinkantolo, imithetho yesikole, kanye nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni. Ukulawula okungahlelekile kuvela emndenini, kontanga, komakhelwane, kubaholi bomphakathi, kanye nasembonweni womphakathi—izindlela zansuku zonke ezibumba imizwa yokuhlazeka, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nesifiso sokwamukelwa.
Lapho ukulawulwa okungakahleleki buthakathaka—isibonelo, lapho izibopho zomndeni ziba nzima, imiphakathi ayibe isajwayelana kakhulu, noma izindinganiso ezabiwe ziphela—amathuba okuphambuka avame ukwanda. Kodwa-ke, ukulawulwa okusemthethweni okuqinile kakhulu kungaba nemiphumela emibi, njengokungazethembi iziphathimandla kanye nomjikelezo wokwenziwa kobugebengu, ikakhulukazi uma ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kubhekwa njengokungafanele.
Ithiyori kaTravis Hirschi Yobudlelwano Bezenhlalo
Enye yezinguqulo ezinethonya kakhulu zethiyori yokulawula umphakathi yithiyori yezibopho zomphakathi, eyathuthukiswa nguTravis Hirschi (1969). UHirschi uthe abantu banamathuba amaningi okulandela izindinganiso uma benezibopho eziqinile nomphakathi wabo. Lezi zibopho ziqukethe izinto ezine:
1. Okunamathiselwe
Ukunamathelana ngokomzwelo nabanye—ikakhulukazi abazali, othisha, noma abanye abantu ababalulekile—kwenza umuntu acabangele umthelela wokuziphatha kwakhe. Uma umuntu ekhathalela ukwahlulela abanye abahloniphayo, cishe ngeke ahlanganyele ezenzweni ezidumazayo noma ezilimaze lobo buhlobo.
2. Ukuzibophezela
Ukuzibophezela kuhlobene nokutshalwa kwezimali komuntu ekusaseni "elijwayelekile", njengemfundo, umsebenzi, idumela, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphila. Lapho kukhulu khona izingozi, kulapho kuba sikhulu khona isizathu sokugwema izenzo zobugebengu ezingabhubhisa konke lokho.
3. Ukubandakanyeka
Ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini emihle—isikole, izinhlangano, ezemidlalo, izinsizakalo zenkolo, umsebenzi, noma imisebenzi yomphakathi—kunciphisa isikhathi nethuba lokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuphambene. Ngaphandle kokuba matasa nje, ukuzibandakanya kwandisa nezinkundla zokuxhumana nabantu, ezisekela ukuziphatha okungachemi.
4. Inkolelo
Ukukholelwa ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha kanye nemithetho yezenhlalo kwenza abantu bazizwe sengathi izimiso zifanelwe ukulalelwa. Uma ukukholelwa ekubeni semthethweni kwemithetho kuncipha—ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kokungabi nabulungisa—ukulandelwa kwemithetho nakho kungancipha.
Ngalezi zinto ezine, uHirschi ugcizelela ukuthi ukuvimbela ubugebengu akuxhomekile nje kuphela esijezisweni, kodwa futhi nasekuqiniseni ubudlelwano bomphakathi, amathuba okuphila okulungile, kanye nokufakwa kwangaphakathi kwezindinganiso.
Ukuzithiba kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Komuntu Ngamunye
Indlela yokulawula umphakathi ihambisana nomqondo odumile wokuzithiba kwezomthetho. Ukuzithiba kubhekisela ekhonweni lokulibazisa ukwaneliseka, ukucabangela imiphumela, kanye nokulawula izifiso. Abantu abanokuzithiba okuphansi bathambekele kakhulu ekuziphatheni okuyingozi, okuhlanganisa nobugebengu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinikeza amathuba asheshayo kanye nemivuzo esheshayo.
Ukuzithiba akuveli nje kuphela; kuvame ukuthonywa yizindlela zokukhulisa izingane, isiyalo esiqhubekayo, ukubhekwa kwabazali, kanye nokusekelwa kwemvelo. Ngaphakathi kwezenhlalo yobugebengu, ukuqinisa ukuzithiba akuyona nje indaba yomuntu ngamunye, kodwa futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi: ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zomndeni, imfundo yasebuntwaneni, impilo yengqondo, kanye nokuvikelwa ebudloveni.
Ukubaluleka Kwethiyori Yokulawula Komphakathi Kunqubomgomo
Ithiyori yokulawula umphakathi inemiphumela ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu. Uma ubugebengu bukhula ngoba izibopho zomphakathi zibuthakathaka, khona-ke izixazululo ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukuthembela ekuphoqelelweni komthetho. Izinhlelo zokuvimbela zingagxila ekuqiniseni imindeni, ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yesikole, ekuhlinzekeni ngezindawo eziphephile zentsha, ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yomphakathi, kanye nokwandisa amathuba emisebenzi.
Empeleni, amadolobha amaningi namazwe asebenzisa izindlela ezisekelwe emphakathini, njengokuvikela umphakathi, ubulungiswa bokubuyisela esimweni sawo, imisebenzi yentsha, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha. Lokhu kungenelela kuhlose ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, ukwandisa umuzwa wokuba yingxenye, kanye nokwakha ukwethembana ezikhungweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo-mbono yokulawula umphakathi iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kokuba semthethweni: ukulawula okusemthethweni okuphumelelayo kudinga ubulungiswa benqubo ukuze kukhuthazwe ukubambisana komphakathi kanye nokuthobela imithetho.
Ukugxekwa kanye nokulinganiselwa
Naphezu kwethonya layo, inkolelo-mbono yokulawula umphakathi ayiyona engenabagxeki bayo. Abanye ababukeli bathi ivame ukugcizelela ukuthobela imithetho ngaphandle kokucabangela ngokwanele ukuthi izimiso zingaba zicindezelayo noma zingabi nabulungisa. Ezimweni ezithile, "ukungalandeli imithetho" kungavela njengendlela yokumelana nomphakathi. Abanye abagxeki bathi ukulawulwa komphakathi kulula ukuchaza ubugebengu basemgwaqweni kunobugebengu basehhovisi, obenziwa ngabantu abanobudlelwano obuqinile nomphakathi, imfundo ephakeme, kanye nesimo esihlonishwayo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ubugebengu bungaqhutshwa nayisiko lenhlangano, amathuba esakhiwo, kanye nokucabanga kokuziphatha.
I-Penutup
I-sociology yobugebengu isisiza sibone ubugebengu njengento eyenzeka emphakathini ethonywa izici zomuntu ngamunye, zesakhiwo, nezamasiko, kanye nezimpendulo zezikhungo. Okwamanje, inkolelo-mbono yokulawula umphakathi—ikakhulukazi umbono kaHirschi wezibopho zomphakathi—inikeza umbono wokuthi isihluthulelo sokuvimbela asihlali sisesijezisweni esinzima, kodwa kunalokho siqinisa ukunamathelana, ukuzibophezela, ukubandakanyeka, kanye nokwethembana ezindinganisweni zomphakathi. Emphakathini oshintsha ngokushesha, inselele enkulu ukusungula ukulawula komphakathi okunobulungiswa nokunobuntu: okunamandla okuvikela, kodwa okusemthethweni futhi okubandakanya okwanele ukugwema ukudala ukucwaswa, ukungathembani, kanye nokuphindaphinda kobugebengu uqobo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa komphakathi kanye nezinqubomgomo ezigxile ekuvimbeleni, i-sociology yobugebengu inikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokudala kokubili umuzwa wokuphepha kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo.
