# Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwemfundiso Yezenhlalo
Isayensi yezenhlalo, njengesifundo esihlola umphakathi, ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalo, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi, isihambe ibanga elide ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinsimu esungulwe yokufunda njengoba injalo namuhla. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yezenhlalo akuthonywanga nje kuphela izinguquko emphakathini kodwa futhi nayimicabango yefilosofi, intuthuko yesayensi, kanye nezinguquko zezombusazwe nezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yezenhlalo kusukela ezinsukwini zayo zokuqala kuze kube senkathini yanamuhla.
## Isikhathi Sokuqala: Ifilosofi Yezenhlalo kanye Nokucabanga Kwangaphambi Kwezenhlalo
Imicabango ngomphakathi kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo ibilokhu ikhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Izazi zefilosofi zamaGreki ezifana noPlato no-Aristotle zixoxe ngemiphakathi emihle kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. UPlato, emsebenzini wakhe oyinhloko, othi "The Republic," uxoxe ngomphakathi onobulungiswa kanye nendima yomuntu ngamunye kuwo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Aristotle, ku-"Politics," uhlaziye izinhlobo ezahlukene zikahulumeni kanye nemiphumela yazo emphakathini.
Kamuva, ukucabanga kwangaphambi kwezenhlalo kwavela nasembonweni wesivumelwano sezenhlalo owaphakanyiswa nguThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau ngekhulu le-17 nele-18. UHobbes, encwadini yakhe ethi "Leviathan," uchaze isimo semvelo sesintu njengempi yabo bonke abantu kanye nesidingo sesivumelwano sezenhlalo sokudala ukuthula nokuzinza. ULocke noRousseau banezela ngokuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo kufanele siqinisekise amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
## Ikhulu le-19: Ukuzalwa Kwesayensi Yezenhlalo Njengesifundo Sesayensi
Isayensi yezenhlalo njengesifundo esihlukile yavela ngokusemthethweni ngekhulu le-19. Igama elithi "isayensi yezenhlalo" laqala ukwethulwa yisazi sefilosofi saseFrance u-Auguste Comte. UComte, ovame ukubhekwa njengo "Baba Wesayensi Yezenhlalo," waphakamisa indlela yokucabanga ngezenhlalo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izindlela zesayensi ezisetshenziswa kwisayensi yemvelo zingasetshenziswa nasekufundweni komphakathi. UComte wahlukanisa intuthuko yengqondo yomuntu ngezigaba ezintathu: isayensi yezenkolo, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Esigabeni sokucabanga ngemvelo, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwesayensi ukuqonda umhlaba.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eJalimane, uKarl Marx waphakamisa umbono wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando owagcizelela ukungqubuzana kwezigaba njengomshayeli oyinhloko woshintsho emphakathini. Emisebenzini efana nethi "The Communist Manifesto" kanye nethi "Das Kapital," uMarx wagcizelela ukuthi umlando womphakathi ungumlando wokulwa kwezigaba phakathi kwalabo abanazo izindlela zokukhiqiza nalabo abangenazo.
UMax Weber, omunye umcabangi waseJalimane, waba negalelo embonweni wesenzo senhlalo kanye nomqondo wokulinganisela. UWeber wethula indlela yokuhumusha isayensi yezenhlalo egxile ekuqondeni (verstehen). Uphinde wahlaziya ukuthi izinqubo zokulinganisela kanye nenqubo yokuqondisa zithinta kanjani impilo yenhlalo.
UmFulentshi u-Emile Durkheim naye wenze igalelo elikhulu ngokuqonda kwakhe ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi kanye ne-anomie. Emsebenzini wakhe othi "The Division of Labor in Society," uDurkheim uchaze ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kuqinisa kanjani ubumbano lomphakathi. I-Anomaly, isimo lapho izindinganiso zomphakathi ziwohloka khona, nayo ingumqondo oyinhloko awuhlolayo ku-"Suicide."
## Ikhulu lama-20: Ukuvela Kwemibono Ehlukahlukene Yezenhlalo
Lapho kungena ikhulu lama-20, isayensi yezenhlalo yabhekana nokwehlukahluka kokubili ezindleleni kanye nemibono. Ezinye zezikole eziyinhloko zemicabango ezavela zazihlanganisa ukusebenza kwesakhiwo, inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana, ukusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso, kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokugxeka.
### Ukusebenza Kwesakhiwo
Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo, okuthonywe kakhulu yiDurkheim, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo senhlalo kanye nomsebenzi wengxenye ngayinye yomphakathi ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza nokuhleleka. UTalcott Parsons wayengumuntu obalulekile kulesi sikole. UParsons wathuthukisa umqondo we-AGIL (ukuguquguquka, ukufinyelelwa kwemigomo, ukuhlanganiswa, ukubambezeleka), ochaza imisebenzi emine eyisisekelo okumele igcwaliswe yiwo wonke uhlelo lwenhlalo.
### Imfundiso Yengxabano
Ithiyori yengxabano yavela ekucabangeni kukaKarl Marx futhi yagcizelela indima yengxabano nokubusa emphakathini. Abacwaningi bethiyori yengxabano bahlanganisa uMax Horkheimer noTheodor Adorno baseFrankfurt School, abasungula ithiyori egxekayo. Bagxeka ubungxowankulu, imboni yamasiko, kanye nokubusa kwezobuchwepheshe. UC. Wright Mills uphinde wanikela ngomqondo "womcabango wezenhlalo," oxhumanisa izindaba zomuntu siqu nezomphakathi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesakhiwo.
### Ukusebenzisana Okungokomfanekiso
Ukusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuxhumana kanye nezimpawu empilweni yomphakathi. UGeorge Herbert Mead wayengomunye wabasunguli bale ndlela. UMead wagcizelela inqubo yokuzakhela ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana komphakathi. UBlumer, umfundi kaMead, wakha izimiso ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuxhumana okungokomfanekiso: isenzo sisekelwe encazelweni, incazelo yakhiwa ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana komphakathi, futhi incazelo ingashintsha ngokuhunyushwa.
## Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundiso Yezenhlalo Yanamuhla
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isayensi yezenhlalo yaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokuvela kwemibono emisha ehlukahlukene efana nethiyori yezinhlelo, ithiyori yabesifazane, kanye nethiyori ye-postmodern.
### Ithiyori Yezinhlelo
Ithiyori yezinhlelo yathuthukiswa nguNiklas Luhmann, owayebheka umphakathi njengohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi olunezinhlelo ezingaphansi ezahlukene ezisebenzisanayo. Wabona ukuxhumana njengento ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zomphakathi.
### Umbono Wabesifazane
Ithiyori yabesifazane iqokomisa ukungalingani ngokobulili emphakathini futhi ifuna ukwembula nokubhekana nokucindezelwa kwabesifazane. Imicabango yabesifazane iye yacebiswa ababhali abanjengoSimone de Beauvoir, uBetty Friedan, noJudith Butler, abaye bakhuluma ngezici ezahlukene zokucindezelwa ngokobulili ngezindlela ezahlukene.
### Ithiyori Yangemva Kwesimanje
Ithiyori ye-Postmodern iphonsela inselelo izindaba ezinkulu ezibusayo kanye nezakhiwo eziqinile zethiyori ye-modernism. UJean Baudrillard noMichel Foucault bangabagxeki ababili ababalulekile abanegalelo kuthiyori ye-postmodern. Isibonelo, i-Foucault igxile ekuhlaziyweni kwenkulumo kanye nendlela amandla asebenza ngayo ngolwazi kanye nezikhungo.
## Isiphetho
Ukuthuthukiswa komlando kwethiyori yezenhlalo kubonisa ukuvela komcabango womuntu ekuziqondeni thina kanye nemiphakathi esiphila kuyo. Kusukela kufilosofi yasendulo yezenhlalo kuya emibonweni yesimanje eyinkimbinkimbi, isayensi yezenhlalo iye yavela njengomkhakha ozivuselela njalo ngokuphendula amandla omphakathi kanye nezikhathi ezishintshayo. Lokhu kuwubufakazi besifiso esiqhubekayo sesintu sokuqonda umphakathi nokufuna izindlela zokudala impilo yomphakathi enobulungisa futhi eqhubekayo.
