Ithonya Lamasiko Kwezenhlalo
Isiko kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo kuvame ukubhekwa njengezinkambu ezihlukene, kodwa kuhlobene kakhulu. Isiko lihlanganisa izici ezahlukene zokuphila komuntu, okuhlanganisa ulimi, amasiko, izindinganiso, kanye nezimpawu. Isayensi yezenhlalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iwukufunda umphakathi kanye nokusebenzisana komphakathi okukuwo. Lokhu kokubili kuthonya futhi kwakheka ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi isiko lithonya kanjani isayensi yezenhlalo nokuthi isayensi yezenhlalo isisiza kanjani ukuqonda indima yalo emphakathini.
Ukuqonda Amasiko kanye Nezenhlalo
Isiko lingachazwa njengendlela yokuphila yabantu bonke, okuhlanganisa izici ezibonakalayo nezingezona ezibonakalayo ezidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Izici ezibonakalayo zifaka izinto ezibonakalayo, njengezingubo, ubuchwepheshe, noma izakhiwo, kanti izici ezingezona ezibonakalayo zifaka izindinganiso, izindinganiso, izinkolelo, kanye nolimi. Isiko linikeza uhlaka oluvumela abantu ukuba baqonde umhlaba nendawo yabo kuwo.
I-sociology, njengegatsha lesayensi yezenhlalo, igxile ekutadisheni umphakathi, amaqembu ezenhlalo, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye. Ifuna ukuqonda isakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nokuziphatha kweqembu labantu. Umbono wezenhlalo usivumela ukuthi siphenye amaphethini okuxhumana kwezenhlalo futhi siqonde ukuthi izindinganiso nezindinganiso zithonya kanjani ukuziphatha kweqembu kanye nomuntu ngamunye.
Isiko Njengesici Sokuxhumana Kwabantu
Ukuxhumana nabantu kuyinqubo lapho abantu befunda futhi bafake khona izindinganiso, izindinganiso, kanye nokuziphatha okudingekayo ukuze bahlanganyele empilweni yomphakathi. Isiko lidlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo ngoba kungamasiko lapho izindinganiso ezithile nezindinganiso zidluliselwa khona kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye. Isibonelo, ulimi luyindlela eyinhloko lapho isiko lidluliselwa khona; ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana kodwa futhi luyindlela yokucabanga nokuqonda umhlaba.
Ngama-ejenti okuxoxisana nabantu njengomndeni, isikole, abezindaba, kanye namaqembu ontanga, amasiko ayafundiswa futhi afundwe. Umndeni, isibonelo, uvame ukuba yi-ejenti yokuxoxisana eyinhloko umuntu ahlangana nayo okokuqala. Izindinganiso ezifana nokwethembeka, ukusebenza kanzima, kanye nenhlonipho zivame ukufundiswa ekhaya kuqala. Izikole ziyaqhubeka nale nqubo ngokufundisa izindinganiso ezijwayelekile kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezidingekayo ukuze kusebenze emphakathini obanzi.
Isiko njengoMhlukanisi Wezigaba kanye Nobuntu Bomphakathi
Isiko lidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesigaba somphakathi kanye nobunikazi. Izigaba zomphakathi zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekufinyeleleni isiko elithile noma ukuhlanganyela emikhubeni ethile yamasiko. Umbono kaPierre Bourdieu we-"habitus" ugcizelela indlela isigaba somphakathi esigcinwa ngayo ngamasiko. I-Habitus iqoqo lezindlela zokuziphatha ezibunjwe okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu empilweni kanye nendawo yakhe yomphakathi. UBourdieu uphikisana ngokuthi izigaba ezibusayo zisebenzisa isiko lazo ukuze ziqinisekise isikhundla sazo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo somphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubunjalo bomphakathi yindlela abantu abaziveza ngayo ngaphakathi komongo wezenhlalo. Lokhu kubunjalo kuvame ukwakheka ngamasiko. Isibonelo, ubunjalo bobuhlanga, benkolo, kanye nobulili bonke buthonywa yizindinganiso zamasiko ezamukelekayo kanye nemikhuba. Emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi, ubunjalo bomphakathi buba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kumele kuxoxiswane ngakho ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke komphakathi.
Isiko kanye noshintsho emphakathini
Isiko aliguquki; lihlala lishintsha. Ushintsho lwesiko lungenzeka ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, kanye nokusebenzisana kwamasiko ahlukahlukene. Lezi zinguquko, nazo, zithinta izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo. Isibonelo, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bolwazi nokuxhumana ishintshe indlela esisebenza ngayo, esisebenzisana ngayo, futhi esiqonda ngayo umhlaba. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwethule izindinganiso ezintsha zamasiko kanye nemikhuba emiphakathini ehlukahlukene, kushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi ezikhona kanye namaphethini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukufuna ukushintsha isiko njengengxenye yemigomo yazo. Isibonelo, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi emhlabeni wonke zazifuna ukushintsha izindinganiso nezindinganiso ezazibandlulula amaqembu athile. I-sociology isisiza ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zoshintsho kanye nomthelela wazo ezakhiweni zomphakathi.
Amasiko Nokuphambuka Komphakathi
Isiko lidlala indima ekwakhiweni nasekuchazeni ukuphambuka komphakathi. Ukuphambuka ukuziphatha okwephula izindinganiso nezindinganiso ezimisiwe emphakathini. Kodwa-ke, lokho okushiwo ukuphambuka kuhlobene kakhulu futhi kuthonywa isiko. Isibonelo, ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokujwayelekile kwelinye isiko kungabhekwa njengokuphambuka kwelinye.
Isibonelo esivamile imibono ngokusetshenziswa kotshwala. Emiphakathini eminingi yaseNtshonalanga, ukuphuza utshwala ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile futhi kuyamukeleka emphakathini. Kodwa-ke, emiphakathini eminingi yamaSulumane, ukuphuza utshwala kubhekwa njengokuphambuka okukhulu ezindinganisweni zenkolo nezenhlalo. I-Sociology isenza siqonde ukuthi la masiko akhiwa kanjani nokuthi athonya kanjani izincazelo zokuziphatha okwamukelekayo nokungamukeleki.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasiko Ocwaningweni Lwezenhlalo
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi isiko akuyona nje into efundwayo kwezenhlalo, kodwa futhi nesimo lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo lwezenhlalo. Abacwaningi bezenhlalo kumele bacabangele amathonya amasiko kuzo zonke izigaba zocwaningo, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwemibono kuya ekuchazeni idatha. Isibonelo, izindlela zocwaningo ezisebenzayo kwelinye isiko zingase zingabi yimpumelelo kwelinye.
Inqubo yokuthatha amasampula, ukwakheka kocwaningo, kanye nokuchazwa kwemiphumela kumele kuhambisane nesimo samasiko ukuze kutholakale imiphumela efanelekile nethembekile. Ukucwasa ngokwesiko ocwaningweni kungaholela eziphethweni ezingalungile futhi kuqinise ngisho nemibono ekhona.
I-Penutup
Isiko linethonya elicishe lingenamkhawulo esimweni sezenhlalo. Ngenqubo yokuhlalisana, isiko lisiza ekwakheni abantu babe amalungu omphakathi asebenzayo. Isiko liphinde lihlukanise izigaba zomphakathi kanye nobuntu bomphakathi, lithonye amaphethini okuxhumana kanye nezakhiwo zamandla emphakathini. Ngisho noshintsho kanye nokuphambuka emphakathini akunakuhlukaniswa nesimo semasiko.
Ukuqonda ithonya lamasiko kwezenhlalo akubalulekile nje kuphela kubafundisi kodwa nakubantu abangochwepheshe, abenzi benqubomgomo, kanye nomphakathi kabanzi. Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamasiko nesakhiwo senhlalo, singaba namandla engeziwe okubhekana nezinselele zomphakathi nokwakha imiphakathi enobulungiswa nebandakanya wonke umuntu.
