Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso Yokusebenza Kwezenhlalo
Ithiyori ye-Functionalism idlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesifundo se-sociology, ikakhulukazi ekuqondeni isakhiwo sezenhlalo kanye nemisebenzi yezinto ngaphakathi komphakathi. Lo mqondo uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nabantu abanjengo-Émile Durkheim, uTalcott Parsons, noRobert K. Merton. Lo mbono ugcizelela ukuthi into ngayinye emphakathini inomsebenzi othize ofaka isandla ekuzinzeni nasekuqhubekeni komphakathi njengohlelo oluhlanganisiwe. Nakuba inikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile, i-functionalism nayo ibhekane nokugxekwa okukhulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola lokhu kugxekwa kwethiyori ngokujulile.
1. Ukuzinqumela Kwesakhiwo
Esinye sezigxeko eziyinhloko ze-functionalism ukuthambekela kwayo ekubeni yi-deterministic. I-Functionalism ivame ukugcizelela ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi zinquma ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye. Kulo mbono, abantu babhekwa “njengezikhonzi” ezingenzi lutho ezilandela izimiso nemithetho ebekwe yizakhiwo zomphakathi. Lokhu kugxekwa kugcizelela ukuthi le ndlela ayikunaki inkululeko kanye negunya labantu lokudlala indima esebenzayo ekudaleni, ekuguquleni, noma ekwenqabeni lezi zakhiwo.
2. Ukungazinaki Izingxabano Zomphakathi
Ukugxekwa kwesibili ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kuvame ukunganaki ukungqubuzana emphakathini. Lo mbono uvame ukubhekwa njengonethemba elikhulu futhi ugxile ekuzinzeni, ekuhlelekeni, nasekuvumelaneni. UKarl Marx kanye nabanye ababhali bezingxabano bagcizelele ukuthi umphakathi awuyona into evumelana ngokwemvelo, kodwa kunalokho uyinkundla yokungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene anezintshisekelo ezahlukene. Lokhu kugxekwa kuphikisana ngokuthi ngokugcizelela kakhulu ibhalansi nokuhlanganiswa, ukusebenza kahle kwehluleka ukuqaphela indima ebalulekile yokungqubuzana komphakathi kanye nokungalingani njengezinto eziyisisekelo zesimo somphakathi.
3. Okungekho Emlandweni
I-Functionalism ivame ukugxekwa ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo kokungabi namlando, ishaya indiva umlando kanye noshintsho. Le mbono ivame ukubuka umphakathi esimweni sawo "samanje" futhi igxile endleleni izakhi zamanje ezifeza ngayo imisebenzi yazo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezenhlalo esikhona. Lokhu kugxekwa kuphikisana ngokuthi i-functionalism ayanele ekuchazeni ushintsho lwezenhlalo kanye nentuthuko yomlando. Ushintsho lubhekwa njengento engavamile noma ukungasebenzi kahle okuvame ukuthola ukunakwa okunganele ekuhlaziyeni kwe-functionalist.
4. I-Teleology
Okunye ukugxekwa ukuthambekela kokusebenza kwe-teleological, okusho ukuthi kukhona isiphetho noma isiqondiso esithile umphakathi okumele usilandele. Le ndlela ivame ukugxekwa ngokubeka inhloso noma umsebenzi wezinto zomphakathi njengokungathi zenzelwe isiphetho esithile, ngaphandle kokucabangela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimo zomlando ezakha lezo zinto.
5. Inqubomgomo Yesimo Esikhona
Ukusebenzelana kwemisebenzi kuvame ukugxekwa ngokuthi kungenzeka kusekele isimo samanje. Kungani kunjalo? Ngokugcizelela ukuzinza nokuhleleka, lo mbono ungabonakala njengesizathu sezakhiwo zomphakathi ezikhona, okuhlanganisa ukungabi nabulungisa nokungalingani okukhona emphakathini. Le ndlela, ngokungaqondile, ingasetshenziswa ukusekela izinhlelo ezicindezela noma ezixhaphaza amaqembu athile, njengoba zibhekwa njengezinto "ezisebenzayo" zokulinganisela komphakathi jikelele.
6. Ukuntuleka Kokuhlaziywa Kwesakhiwo
I-Functionalism nayo ibhekane nokugxekwa ngokungakwazi kwayo ukuchaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezakhiwo ezahlukene zomphakathi. Naphezu kwemibono yayo efana nemisebenzi evezwe kanye nemisebenzi efihliwe (kaMerton), i-functionalism ivame ukuba nenkinga yokuchaza ukuthi izakhiwo ezahlukene, njengezomnotho, ezepolitiki, kanye nezamasiko, zithintana kanjani. Lokhu kuveza ubuthakathaka obukhulu ekuchazeni ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezakhi zomphakathi.
7. Ukungakwazi Ukwamukela Ukuhlukahluka Kwamasiko
Uma kuxoxwa ngokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko, ukusebenza kahle kuvame ukubhekana nemikhawulo ekuqondeni ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko nokuthi la masiko asebenzisana kanjani. Ukugxila kwayo emisebenzini yendawo yonke yezinto zomphakathi kungaba yinto engabalulekile noma elula kakhulu uma isetshenziswa emiphakathini ehlukahlukene kakhulu neguquguqukayo. Lokhu kugxekwa kugcizelela isidingo sethiyori eguquguqukayo futhi evumelana nokwehlukahlukana kanye noshintsho.
8. Ukungacabangeli ukuzikhethela komuntu siqu
I-Functionalism ivame ukusolwa ngokunganaki ukuzithoba kanye nezincazelo abantu abazinamathisela ezenzweni zabo kanye nokusebenzisana nabantu. Le ndlela igxila kakhulu emisebenzini eqondile engabonwa futhi ilinganiswe, kunokuqonda imibono yomuntu ngamunye. Ukubheka ngokujulile indlela abantu abanikeza ngayo incazelo ezweni labo lezenhlalo kuvame ukunganakwa, kodwa lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo.
9. Ithiyori Yokusebenza Komsebenzi Kumongo Wesimanje
Esimweni sanamuhla, ukugxekwa kokusebenza kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Umhlaba oshintsha ngokushesha, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kudinga ukuqonda okunamandla nokuxhumana okwengeziwe kokuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi zisebenza kanjani. Ukusebenza, kanye nokuthambekela kwayo okungaguquki kanye nokunquma, kuvame ukubhekwa njengokunganele ukubamba lezi zinguquko. Izifundo zanamuhla ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa izindlela ezixubile neziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqonda izinhlangano zomphakathi ezishintshayo.
Nakuba lokhu kugxeka kugqamisa ubuthakathaka bethiyori yokusebenza, kubalulekile futhi ukuvuma iminikelo yayo kwisayensi yezenhlalo. Ukusebenza komsebenzi kuhlinzeke ngohlaka lokuqonda ukuthi izinto emphakathini zihlobene futhi zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi nokuzinza. Kodwa-ke, uma sicabangela lokhu kugxeka, kubalulekile ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa imibono ebanzi neguquguqukayo ukuze siqonde amaqiniso ezenhlalo ayinkimbinkimbi futhi aguquguqukayo.
Ukuphendula lokhu kugxekwa, izazi zezenhlalo zingahlola ukuhlanganiswa kwemibono eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa inkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana, ukusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso, kanye ne-post-structuralism, ukuze kutholakale ukuqonda okuphelele kwezakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kuzosisiza sifinyelele ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele komphakathi, okusivumela ukuthi siphendule ezinseleleni ezintsha eziqhubeka nokuvela.
