Umqondo Wamaqembu Ayinhloko Nawesibili Ku-Sociological Theory
Ezifundweni zezenhlalo, abantu baqondwa njengezidalwa zomphakathi ezakha ubudlelwano, zibambisane, futhi zakha impilo ehlanganyelwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaqembu. Ubulungu eqenjini abugcini nje ngoku "buthana," kodwa futhi buhlobene nenqubo yokwakha ubuwena, izindinganiso, amaphethini okuziphatha, kanye nendlela abantu abazichaza ngayo bona kanye nabanye. Umqondo oyisisekelo osetshenziswa kabanzi ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kobudlelwano bezenhlalo umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu ayisisekelo nawesibili. Lo mqondo ubalulekile ngoba usiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ubudlelwano emndenini buzizwa buhlukile kunobudlelwano emsebenzini, noma ukuthi kungani ubungane obuseduze bunamandla kakhulu ngokomzwelo kunobudlelwano obusemthethweni ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.
Imvelaphi Yomqondo: Imibono KaCharles Horton Cooley
Umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu ayisisekelo nawasesibili uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokucabanga kukaCharles Horton Cooley, isazi sezenhlalo esagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuxhumana nabantu ekwakheni ubuntu. UCooley wabona ukuthi amaqembu athile anethonya elikhulu ekukhuleni komuntu kusukela esemncane. La maqembu abonakala ngokusondelana, ukuxhumana okujulile, kanye nezibopho ezingokomzwelo—lezo ezaziwa ngokuthi amaqembu ayisisekelo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunamaqembu akhiwe ngezinjongo ezithile ezisemthethweni, zesikhashana, futhi ezisebenzayo—ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaqembu ayisisekelo.
Nakuba empilweni yangempela imingcele phakathi kwalokhu okubili ingafiphazwa, lo mehluko usabalulekile ekuhlaziyeni izakhiwo zomphakathi, amaphethini okuxhumana, kanye nendlela izikhungo zomphakathi ezisebenza ngayo.
Ukuqonda Amaqembu Ayinhloko
Iqembu eliyinhloko yiqembu lezenhlalo elinobudlelwano obuseduze, obubomuntu siqu, obujulile, futhi obuhlala isikhathi eside. Ukuxhumana emaqenjini ayinhloko kuvame ukuba ubuso nobuso, okuphindaphindiwe, futhi kuhilela ukunamathelana ngokomzwelo. Emaqenjini ayinhloko, abantu ababhekwa nje "njengemisebenzi," kodwa njengabantu abaphelele abanemizwa, umlando wobudlelwano, kanye nokusondelana.
Izici eziyinhloko zamaqembu ayinhloko zifaka:
1. Ubudlelwano obuseduze nobomuntu siqu
Amalungu azana ngokujulile, okuhlanganisa ubuntu bomunye nomunye, imikhuba yakhe kanye nesizinda sakhe.
2. Ukuxhumana okujulile nokuqhubekayo
Imihlangano nokuxhumana kwenzeka kaningi, kungagcini nje ezimweni ezithile.
3. Isibopho esiqinile ngokomzwelo
Kukhona umuzwa wokuba ngumuntu, ukukhathalelana, uzwela, kanye nokwethembeka.
4. Izindinganiso namanani zakhiwe ngaphakathi
Imithetho ivame ukungabhalwa phansi, yakhiwe ngamasiko kanye nemikhuba yezenhlalo eshintshashintshayo.
5. Ubulungu buvame ukuqina
Amalungu awahambi kalula noma eze futhi ahambe; ubudlelwano buvame ukuhlala isikhathi eside.
Izibonelo Zamaqembu Ayinhloko
– Umndeni (abazali, abafowabo nodadewabo)
- Iqembu eliseduze labangane
– Umphakathi omncane endaweni yokuhlala esondelene kakhulu
- Amaqembu okudlala ebuntwaneni
Emaqenjini ayisisekelo, umuntu ufunda izinto eziningi eziyisisekelo: ulimi, indlela yokuveza imizwa, izindinganiso zokuziphatha eziyisisekelo, ngisho nendlela yokuzibheka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amaqembu ayisisekelo avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-ejenti anamandla kakhulu okuxhumana nabantu.
Ukuqonda Amaqembu Esibili
Iqembu lesibili yiqembu lezenhlalo elinobudlelwano obusemthethweni, obungenabo ubuntu, obugxile emigomweni, futhi ngokuvamile obungokwesikhashana. Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwamaqembu esibili ngokuvamile kuvela ezidingweni ezithile—isibonelo, umsebenzi, ukufunda, noma ukufeza imigomo yenhlangano. Ukusondelana ngokomzwelo akuyona into eyinhloko; izindima ezisemthethweni, imisebenzi, kanye nemithetho kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izici zamaqembu esibili zifaka:
1. Ubudlelwano obusemthethweni nobungenabo ubuntu
Amalungu asebenzisana ngokusekelwe ezindimeni (isib., ongaphansi kakhulu, uthisha-umfundi), hhayi ukusondelana komuntu siqu.
2. Izinhloso ezithile nezisebenzayo
Amaqembu akhiwa ukuze aqedele umsebenzi noma afeze imigomo ethile.
3. Ukuxhumana okulinganiselwe nokuhlelekile
Ukuxhumana kuvame ukulandela izinqubo, ukuziphatha okuhle emsebenzini, kanye nezikhathi ezibekiwe.
4. Imithetho ebhaliwe neyamahhovisi
Kunemithethonqubo esemthethweni, izinkontileka, amazinga okusebenza, kanye nezindlela ezisemthethweni zokuvimbela.
5. Ubulungu kulula ukubushintsha
Abantu bangahamba ngoba inkontileka yabo iyaphela, bashintsha imisebenzi, noma bashintsha izikhungo.
Izibonelo Zamaqembu Esibili
– Inkampani noma indawo yokusebenza
– Izinhlangano zasekhempasini/zesikole (i-OSIS, izinhlangano zabafundi)
- Amaqembu ezepolitiki
- Inyunyana yabasebenzi
- Amaqembu ephrojekthi ngaphakathi kwesikhungo
Nakuba zingabonakala "zibanda" uma ziqhathaniswa namaqembu ayisisekelo, amaqembu esibili abalulekile emphakathini wanamuhla ngoba enza kube lula ukuhlanganisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu esibili, izikhungo ezifana nohulumeni, imfundo esemthethweni, kanye nomnotho wanamuhla bekungaba nzima ukusebenza.
Umehluko Omkhulu Phakathi Kwamaqembu Ayinhloko Nawesibili
Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili ungafingqwa kanje:
– Isisekelo sobudlelwano: esiyinhloko sisekelwe ekusondelaneni ngokomzwelo; esesibili sisekelwe ezindimeni nasezinhlosweni.
– Uhlobo lokuxhumana: okuyinhloko kuyazenzekela, kusondelene, futhi kuyaguquguquka; okwesibili kusemthethweni futhi kuhlelekile.
– Ubude besikhathi: okuyinhloko kuvame ukuba yisikhathi eside; okwesibili kuvame ukuba okwesikhashana.
– Imithetho: eyokuqala inemithetho eminingi engabhalwanga; eyesibili inemithetho nezinqubo ezibhaliwe.
– Ithonya kubuntu: okuyinhloko kunamandla ekwakheni ubuntu bokuqala; okwesibili kukwakhela kakhulu amakhono okusebenza kwezenhlalo (isib. ukuziphatha kobungcweti, ukuzithiba emsebenzini).
Nokho, lo mehluko awusho ukuthi umuntu "ungcono." Zombili zisebenza imisebenzi ehlukene yomphakathi futhi ziyaphelelisana.
Imisebenzi Yamaqembu Ayinhloko Empilweni Yomphakathi
Amaqembu ayinhloko anemisebenzi eminingana eyinhloko:
1. Ukuxhumana nabantu okuyisisekelo
Abantu bafunda izindinganiso, izindinganiso, kanye nobuntu kusukela ebuntwaneni, ikakhulukazi ngomndeni.
2. Ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo
Uma bebhekene nokucindezeleka noma inkinga, amaqembu ayinhloko avame ukuba umthombo wenduduzo nokulondeka.
3. Ukwakhiwa kokulawulwa komphakathi okungakahleleki
Ukusolwa, iseluleko, noma ukuhlazeka phambi kwalabo abaseduze nawe kuba yindlela enamandla yokulawula ukuziphatha.
4. Ukwakha ubumbano nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye
Amaqembu ayinhloko akhuthaza umuzwa wokuthi “thina,” okubalulekile ekulinganiseni ngokwengqondo nasekuhlanganisweni komphakathi.
Imisebenzi Yamaqembu Esibili Emphakathini Wanamuhla
Okwamanje, amaqembu esibili adlala indima ebalulekile ku:
1. Ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqiza
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kanye nokuchwephesha kuvumela umsebenzi omkhulu ukuthi uqedwe ngempumelelo enkulu.
2. Ukufezwa kwemigomo ehlangene
Le nhlangano ikhuthaza imiphakathi ukwakha ingqalasizinda, imfundo, izinsizakalo zomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zezomnotho.
3. Ukuhambahamba kwezenhlalo kanye nobungcweti
Ngezikole, amanyuvesi kanye nendawo yokusebenza, abantu bathola amakhono kanye namathuba okuthuthukisa isimo sabo senhlalo.
4. Ukuxhumanisa ngezinga elikhulu
Amazwe, izinkampani ezinkulu, kanye nezikhungo zomhlaba wonke zingasebenza kuphela ngamaqembu esibili axhumene kakhulu.
Izinguquko Zanamuhla: Lapho Imingcele Ifiphala
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana kanye nezinguquko zendlela yokuphila ifiphaza imingcele phakathi kwamaqembu ayisisekelo nawasesekondari. Isibonelo, osebenza nabo bangaba abangane abaseduze, ngakho-ke ubudlelwano bomsebenzi abusenabo ubuntu ngokuphelele. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubudlelwano bomndeni bungaba "busebenza kahle" kakhulu uma isikhathi sobuso nobuso sinqunyelwe futhi ukuxhumana kwenziwa ngemiyalezo yombhalo.
Imithombo yezokuxhumana idala nezinhlobo ezintsha zobudlelwano: abantu bangazizwa besondelene ngokomzwelo ngisho nangaphandle kokuhlangana ubuso nobuso, noma ukujoyina imiphakathi eku-inthanethi enezakhiwo ezisemthethweni njengezinhlangano. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi izigaba eziyinhloko nesesibili zingamathuluzi okuhlaziya, hhayi amabhokisi aqinile.
Isiphetho
Umqondo wamaqembu ayisisekelo nawangesibili uwuhlaka olubalulekile kumbono wezenhlalo wokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kobudlelwano bezenhlalo empilweni yomuntu. Amaqembu ayisisekelo agcizelela ukusondelana, izibopho ngokomzwelo, kanye nethonya elikhulu ekwakhekeni kobunikazi kanye nezindinganiso eziyinhloko. Amaqembu ayisisekelo agcizelela ukufaneleka, imigomo ethile, kanye nokusebenza kahle ekuhleleni impilo yezenhlalo yanamuhla. Empeleni, abantu bavame ukuhlala endaweni ethile phakathi: ukuthola ukwesekwa kanye nobunikazi emaqenjini ayisisekelo, kanye namathuba, amakhono, kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi emaqenjini ayisisekelo. Ngokuqonda umehluko nemisebenzi yalowo nalowo, singaqonda kalula ukuguquguquka komphakathi kanye nesikhundla sethu ngaphakathi kwawo.
