Ukuzicabangela kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi ku-Sociology
I-sociology yisayensi efunda ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nomphakathi. Esinye sezihloko eziyinhloko ku-sociology ukuzibona kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi. Zombili ziyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi abantu basebenzisana kanjani nendawo yabo yezenhlalo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuzibona, ubuwena bomphakathi, kanye nemibono ehlukahlukene ehlobene nale mibono ngokujulile.
Umqondo Womuntu Siqu Kwezenhlalo
Ukuzicabangela kubhekisela endleleni umuntu azibheka ngayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ukuthi ungobani, izici anazo, nokuthi uziphatha kanjani ezimweni ezahlukene. Ukuzicabangela kuvame ukubhekwa njengento ebalulekile kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye.
Ukwakheka Komqondo Womuntu Siqu
Umbono womuntu siqu awumi ndawonye; ukhula kuyo yonke impilo. Nazi ezinye zezinto eziyinhloko ezithonya ukwakheka kombono womuntu siqu:
1. Ukuxhumana nabantu: Inqubo yokuxhumana nabantu idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni komqondo wokuzicabangela. Umndeni, abangani, isikole, abezindaba, kanye nabanye abenzeli bokuxhumana nabantu bonke banegalelo endleleni abantu abazibona ngayo.
2. Ukuxhumana Komphakathi: Inkolelo-mbono Yokuxhumana Okuyisimangaliso, eyasungulwa nguGeorge Herbert Mead, ithi ukuzibona kwakheka ngokusebenzisana komphakathi. Siyaqonda ukuthi singobani ngokubheka indlela abanye abasiphatha ngayo futhi abasabela ngayo kithi.
3. Ukuzihlola: Inqubo yokuzihlola iyindlela abantu abazihlola futhi baziqonde ngayo. Ihilela ukuzihlola nokuhlola izenzo nemizwa yomuntu.
Imibono Ehlobene Nokuzicabangela
Imibono eminingana ebalulekile ehlobene nokuzicabangela ihlanganisa:
1. Ithiyori Yokuzibuka Ngengilazi: UCharles Horton Cooley wathuthukisa umqondo "wokuzibuka ngengilazi," othi umqondo womuntu wokuzibuka usekelwe endleleni akholelwa ngayo ukuthi abanye bayambona. Le nqubo ihilela izinyathelo ezintathu: sicabanga ngendlela esibonakala ngayo kwabanye, sicabanga ngendlela abanye ababona ngayo ukubukeka kwethu, futhi sithuthukisa imizwa ngathi ngokusekelwe kulezi zahlulelo.
2. Ithiyori Yobunikazi Bomphakathi: UHenri Tajfel noJohn Turner baphakamise ukuthi umqondo womuntu siqu wakheka kakhulu ngokuba yilungu lakhe emaqenjini omphakathi. Ubunjalo bomphakathi buhlanganisa izici zobuntu bomuntu ezivela ekuzibandakanyeni kwakhe emaqenjini omphakathi, njengomndeni, uhlanga, inkolo, noma inhlangano.
Ubunikazi Bomphakathi Kwezenhlalo
Ukuzazi ngokwenhlalo kubhekisela endleleni abantu abazichaza ngayo ngokusekelwe ebulungwini babo emaqenjini ahlukahlukene omphakathi. Lokhu kuzizazi kwakheka ngokusebenzisana komphakathi futhi kusebenza njengendlela yokunikeza incazelo nesiqondiso empilweni yomuntu.
Izingxenye Zobuntu Bomphakathi
Ukuzazi komphakathi kuqukethe izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko:
1. Ubulungu Beqembu: Lokhu kuhlobene namaqembu omphakathi umuntu ayilungu lawo, njengomndeni, abangane, iqembu lomsebenzi, iqembu lenkolo, noma isizwe.
2. Ukuhlonza Iqembu: Lokhu kuhilela izinga lokunamathelana ngokomzwelo kanye nomuzwa wokuxhumana umuntu akuzwayo ngeqembu elithile.
3. Ithonya Leqembu: Lokhu kubhekisela ezingeni lapho ubuwena bomuntu siqu buthonywa khona yizimiso, izindinganiso, nezinkolelo zeqembu.
Amandla Obunikazi Bomphakathi
Ukuzazi komphakathi kuyashintshashintsha futhi kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ezinye izici ezithonya izinguquko ekuzazini komphakathi zifaka:
1. Izinguquko kuBulungu Beqembu: Izinguquko esimweni sobulungu, njengokuthuthela emphakathini omusha noma ukushintsha isimo somshado, zingathinta ubuntu bomuntu emphakathini.
2. Okuhlangenwe nakho Komuntu Siqu: Okuhlangenwe nakho okubalulekile empilweni, njengemfundo, umsebenzi, noma izehlakalo ezibuhlungu, kungashintsha indlela umuntu azibheka ngayo kanye nezindima zakhe emphakathini.
3. Ushintsho Lomphakathi: Izinguquko ezingeni lomphakathi, njengezinguquko zomphakathi, izinguquko ezinqubweni zikahulumeni, noma izinguquko ezinkambisweni zamasiko, nazo zinamandla okuthonya ubuwena bomphakathi bomuntu.
Ithiyori Yobunikazi Bomphakathi
Ithiyori Yobunikazi Bomphakathi ingenye yethiyori enethonya elikhulu ekuqondeni ubuwena bomphakathi. Yethulwe nguHenri Tajfel noJohn Turner ngo-1979, le thiyori igcizelela ukuthi abantu bazichaza ngobulungu babo emaqenjini omphakathi nokuthi la maqembu adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ukuziphatha kanye nesimo sengqondo somuntu ngamunye.
Inqubo Yokuhlonza Umphakathi
Ithiyori Yobunikazi Bomphakathi ichaza izinqubo ezintathu eziyisisekelo sokuhlonza umphakathi:
1. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezenhlalo: Inqubo abantu abazihlukanisa ngayo bona nabanye ngezigaba zamaqembu. Lezi zigaba zingasuselwa kuhlanga, ubulili, ubudala, inkolo, umsebenzi, njll.
2. Ukuhlonza Umphakathi: Inqubo lapho abantu bamukela khona ukuhlonza iqembu njengengxenye yombono wabo. Lokhu kuhilela ukwamukela izindinganiso, izindinganiso, kanye nokuziphatha kweqembu.
3. Ukuqhathanisa Komphakathi: Inqubo abantu abaqhathanisa ngayo iqembu labo (eqenjini) namanye amaqembu (amaqembu angaphandle). Lokhu kuqhathanisa kuvame ukuholela ekubandlululeni kwamaqembu, lapho abantu bevame ukubheka iqembu labo ngendlela enhle uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu.
Imiphumela Yokuhlonza Umphakathi
Ukuhlonza umphakathi kungaba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene, emihle nemibi:
1. Ubumbano Lweqembu: Ukuzihlanganisa neqembu kuvame ukwandisa imizwa yobumbano nokunamathelana phakathi kwamalungu eqembu, okungathuthukisa ukwesekwa komphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle engokomzwelo.
2. Ukucwasa Nokucwasa: Ukuqhathanisa umphakathi kuvame ukuholela ekucwaseni ngaphakathi kweqembu futhi kungabangela ukucwasa amaqembu angaphandle. Lokhu kungabhebhethekisa ukungqubuzana komphakathi kanye nokungabi nabulungisa.
3. Ukulondoloza Isimo Esikhona: Ubunikazi bomphakathi bungadlala indima ekugcineni ukungalingani komphakathi kanye nesimo esikhona, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu amakhulu efuna ukugcina amandla awo.
Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kokuziqonda Nobuntu
Umbono womuntu siqu kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi kuhlobene kakhulu. Ubunikazi bomphakathi buyingxenye ebalulekile yombono womuntu siqu, futhi indlela abantu abazibona ngayo ivame ukuthonywa ubudlelwano babo namaqembu omphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzibona okuhle kungaqinisa ukuhlonza okuhle komphakathi, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungqubuzana phakathi kobunjalo obuhlukene bomphakathi kungaholela enkingeni yokuhlonza, lapho abantu behlangabezana nobunzima bokuvumelanisa izindima zabo ezahlukene kanye nobuntu babo.
Isiphetho
Ukuzibona kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi kuyizinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwabantu esimweni senhlalo. Ngokusebenzisana nabantu kanye nokuxhumana nabantu, abantu bathuthukisa imibono yabo esiza ekuqondiseni izenzo zabo kanye nobudlelwano nabanye. Ukuzibona kwabantu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni incazelo kanye nesiqondiso empilweni yomuntu ngamunye kanye nasekubumbeni ukuguquguquka kwamaqembu emphakathini.
Ngokuqonda imiqondo yokuzibona kanye nobunikazi bezenhlalo, izazi zezenhlalo zingachaza kangcono izimo zomphakathi ezifana nobumbano, ubandlululo, izingxabano, kanye noshintsho lwezenhlalo. Ngaphakathi kobunzima bokuxhumana kwezenhlalo, le miqondo emibili inikeza uhlaka olubalulekile lokuqonda ukuthi thina njengabantu ngabanye kanye namalungu omphakathi sixhumana kanjani, sizivumelanisa kanjani, futhi sichuma kanjani.
