Umqondo we-Anomie ku-Sociology
I-Anomie ingumqondo wezenhlalo owethulwe ngu-Émile Durkheim, isazi sezenhlalo saseFrance kanye nomunye wabantu abasungula isayensi yezenhlalo yanamuhla. Igama elithi "anomie" livela kwelesiGriki elithi "anomos," elisho "ngaphandle komthetho" noma "ngaphandle kwemithetho." Ngokwesimo sezenhlalo, i-anomie ibhekisela esimweni sokungajwayelekile noma igebe elijwayelekile elivela lapho imithetho yezenhlalo elawula ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye ibhekana nokuwohloka noma ubuthakathaka. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngomqondo we-anomie kwezenhlalo, sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-anomie ivela kanjani, umthelela wayo emphakathini, futhi sinikeze izibonelo eziqondile ezibonisa lesi simo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Umsuka kanye nencazelo ye-Anomie
UDurkheim wethula lo mqondo emsebenzini wakhe odumile, othi “Suicide” (1897). Kulo msebenzi, uDurkheim waphawula ukuthi amazinga okuzibulala emiphakathini yaseYurophu akhuphukile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Waphikisana ngokuthi ukwanda kwamazinga okuzibulala akunakuchazwa ngokugcwele yizici zomuntu ngamunye njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo noma izinkinga zomuntu siqu. Esikhundleni salokho, uDurkheim waqokomisa izici zomphakathi ezithonya abantu ngabanye wabe esethula umqondo we-anomie ukuchaza ukuthi ushintsho olusheshayo emphakathini lungaholela kanjani ekwandeni kwamazinga okuzibulala.
I-anomie yenzeka lapho izimiso zomphakathi ezazizinzile ngaphambili zingacaci noma zilahlekelwa amandla azo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngezikhathi zoshintsho olukhulu emphakathini, njengokukhula kwezimboni, ukuthuthuka kwedolobha, noma ushintsho olusheshayo lwamasiko. UDurkheim wayekholelwa ukuthi i-anomie ingaholela emizweni yokuhlukaniswa, ukudideka, kanye nokungaqiniseki kubantu, okungakhulisa ingozi yokuziphatha okungekuhle njengokuzibulala.
Izinto Ezibangela I-Anomie
Ezinye zezici eziyinhloko ezibangela i-anomie, ngokusho kukaDurkheim kanye nezinye izazi zezenhlalo, zifaka:
1. Ushintsho Kwezomnotho Nezezimboni: Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwazo kuvame ukuletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezakhiweni zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Lezi zinguquko zingaphazamisa imikhuba yendabuko futhi zidale ukungaqiniseki ngokuthi abantu kufanele baziphathe kanjani.
2. Ukufudukela emadolobheni: Lapho abantu besuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya beya emadolobheni, bavame ukulahlekelwa amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu ayebasekela emaphandleni. Amadolobha amakhulu angadala umuzwa wokungakhululeki ngoba, yize abantu behlala eduze ngokomzimba, bangazizwa behlukene kakhulu emphakathini.
3. Ushintsho Lwezamasiko: Ukusungula izinto ezintsha ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuxhumana kungasheshisa ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwamasiko, okwenza imikhuba yendabuko iphelelwe yisikhathi noma ingabalulekile. Lokhu kuvame ukubonakala ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bedijithali obushintsha indlela esisebenzisana ngayo.
4. Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho: Ukwanda kokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukubandlululwa, kanye nokungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo nakho kungaholela ekungathandini. Lapho abantu bezizwa bengenalo ukufinyelela okulinganayo ezinsizeni namathuba ezomnotho, bangase bazizwe benganelisekile futhi behlukanisiwe nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezikhona.
Umthelela we-Anomie Kubantu Nasemphakathini
Uma kwenzeka i-anomie, kunemiphumela eminingana ebalulekile engabonakala ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye kanye nasezingeni lomphakathi lilonke.
Umthelela Kubantu Ngamunye:
1. Ukulahlekelwa Ubuwena: Izindinganiso zomphakathi ezingacacile zingaholela ekudidekeni kobuwena. Abantu bangase bazizwe bengaqiniseki ukuthi bangobani nokuthi kufanele baziphathe kanjani.
2. Imizwa Yokuhlukaniswa Nokuhlukaniswa: I-Anomie ivame ukubangela abantu bazizwe behlukanisiwe nomphakathi. Bangase bazizwe sengathi abanandawo ecacile noma indima esakhiweni somphakathi.
3. Ukucindezeleka Okukhuphukile Nokukhathazeka: Ukungaqiniseki ngezindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nendlela yokuphila kwansuku zonke kungandisa amazinga okucindezeleka nokukhathazeka kubantu.
4. Ukuziphatha Okuphambene: Njengoba imikhuba yendabuko iwohloka, abantu bangase baphendukele ekuziphatheni okuphambene noma okuphambene nomphakathi. Ukungaqiniseki ngalokho okwamukelekayo nokulindelekile kubo kubenza babe sengozini enkulu yezenzo ezingahambisani nemikhuba yomphakathi.
Umthelela Emphakathini:
1. Ukuntuleka Kobumbano Lomphakathi: Imiphakathi ebhekene ne-anomie izoba namazinga aphansi obumbano lomphakathi. Lokhu kuphumela ekuntulekeni kobumbano futhi kwenza kube nzima ukwakha umphakathi oqinile nosekelanayo.
2. Ukwanda Kobugebengu: Lapho izimiso zomphakathi zingasacaci noma zingasahlonishwa, amazinga obugebengu anganda. Abantu abazizwa behlukanisiwe futhi bengenazibopho zezimiso zomphakathi banamathuba amaningi okwenza ubugebengu.
3. Ukungahleleki Komphakathi: I-Anomie ingabangela ukungahleleki komphakathi, lapho izikhungo zomphakathi ezifana nomndeni, imfundo, kanye nohulumeni zinobunzima bokwenza imisebenzi yazo ngempumelelo.
4. Ushintsho Olusheshayo Nokungazinzile: Imiphakathi ebhekene ne-anomie ivame ukubhekana noshintsho olusheshayo kanye nokungazinzi. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ngayo ukuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo namasu esikhathi eside okubhekana nezinkinga zomphakathi ezikhona.
I-Anomie kumongo wamanje
Umqondo we-anomie uhlala ubaluleke kakhulu esimweni sezenhlalo futhi ungasetshenziswa ukuqonda izenzakalo ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo zanamuhla. Isibonelo, izinguquko ezibalulekile kulwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe bedijithali zishintshe indlela esisebenza ngayo, esisebenzisana ngayo, futhi esihlobana ngayo. Imithombo yezokuxhumana idala amazinga amasha avame ukuba nzima noma angenakwenzeka ukuwalandela, angafaka isandla emizweni ye-anomie phakathi kwabantu, ikakhulukazi intsha.
Inkinga yezomnotho yomhlaba wonke kanye nokungalingani kwezomnotho okwandayo nakho kudale izimo ezifana ne-anomie. Lapho abantu bezizwa bengenakukwazi ukufeza impumelelo yezomnotho naphezu kokusebenza kanzima, bangase bazizwe behlukanisiwe nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezidumisa impumelelo ngokusebenza kanzima.
Izibonelo Eziphathekayo Ze-Anomie
Ezinye izibonelo eziqondile lapho i-anomie ingabonakala khona zifaka:
1. Umphakathi Wasemadolobheni Wanamuhla: Imiphakathi yasemadolobheni ivame ukubonisa izimpawu zokungakhululeki, ngamazinga aphezulu okuhlukaniswa kanye nokuntuleka kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu aqinile. Nakuba abantu abaningi behlala ndawonye, bangase bangabi nobudlelwano obujulile bokuxhumana nabantu noma ukusekelana.
2. Inkinga Yomnotho Yomhlaba Wonke: Izinkinga zomnotho ezifana nalezo zango-2008 zibangela abantu abaningi ukuba balahlekelwe yimisebenzi namakhaya abo, okubabeka engcupheni yokungaqiniseki kwezomnotho kanye nomphakathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekungathandini njengezimiso ezazizinzile ngaphambili mayelana nokuqashwa kanye nokuwa kokuphepha komnotho.
3. Amazinga Okuzibulala Phakathi Kwentsha: Ukwanda kwamazinga okuzibulala phakathi kwentsha kungabhekwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-anomie. Lapho intsha ibona ukuthi okulindelwe emphakathini kanye nezindinganiso ezibekwe phezu kwayo ziphakeme kakhulu noma azinakwenzeka, ingase izizwe ihlukanisiwe futhi ididekile mayelana nobunikazi bayo kanye nenjongo yayo ekuphileni.
I-Penutup
I-Anomie ingumqondo oyinhloko kwezenhlalo osiza ukuchaza ukuthi ukungacaci noma ukuwohloka kwezindinganiso zomphakathi kungabathinta kanjani abantu kanye nemiphakathi. Ngokuqonda i-anomie, izazi zezenhlalo zingahlaziya kangcono umthelela woshintsho olusheshayo kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, kanye namasiko. Ezweni lanamuhla elishintsha ngokushesha, ukuqonda okujulile nge-anomie kungasisiza ukuthi sibone izindlela zokuqinisa izindinganiso ezibalulekile zomphakathi nokwandisa ubumbano lomphakathi.
