Imiphumela Yesociology Enqubweni Yezemfundo
Imfundo ayimi yodwa njengomsebenzi wokufundisa nokufunda ekilasini. Ihlala ixhumene nezakhiwo zomphakathi, izindinganiso zamasiko, ubudlelwano bamandla, kanye nezimo zezomnotho nezepolitiki ezibumba umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zemfundo—kusukela ezinhlelweni zekharikhulamu nokuhlola kuya ekuxhasweni ngezimali kanye nokuphathwa kwezikole—ziyizinqumo zomphakathi ezinomthelela omkhulu. Yilapho i-sociology ingena khona: ukusiza abenzi bezinqubomgomo ukuthi bahumushe amaqiniso ezenhlalo, baqonde ukungalingani, futhi bakhe ukungenelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo iba yindlela yokuhamba komphakathi, hhayi nje ithuluzi lokukhiqiza ukungabi nabulungisa.
Imfundo njengesikhungo sezenhlalo
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, izikole ziyizikhungo zomphakathi ezinemisebenzi ebonakalayo (imigomo eqondayo), njengokudluliselwa kolwazi namakhono, kanye nemisebenzi efihliwe (imiphumela engaqondile), njengokwakhiwa kwesiyalo, ukufakwa kwezindinganiso ngaphakathi, kanye nokukhethwa komphakathi. Inqubomgomo yezemfundo inquma ukuthi le misebenzi yenziwa kanjani. Isibonelo, izinqubomgomo ezigcizelela ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile zingase zandise ukuziphendulela, kodwa futhi zibe nemiphumela efihliwe njengokufundisa okugxile emabangeni (ukufundisa kuya esivivinyweni), ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, noma ukwanda kwezinsizakalo zokufundisa ezandisa igebe phakathi kwamaqembu omphakathi.
I-sociology isikhumbuza ukuthi izikhungo zemfundo azithathi hlangothi. Zinezindinganiso ezithile—mayelana nalokho okushiwo “ukuhlakanipha,” “ukufeza,” kanye “nokukhuliswa”—okuvame ukuhambisana namaqembu omphakathi abusayo. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo kudingeka zibhekane nokucwaswa kwezikhungo ngamabomu futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izikole zisebenzela wonke amaqembu emphakathini.
Ukungalingani Komphakathi Nokufinyelela Emfundweni
Esinye sezizathu ezisobala kakhulu ze-sociology kwinqubomgomo yemfundo ukubhekana nokungalingani ekufinyeleleni. Izici ezifana nesigaba senhlalo, indawo, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, kanye nesizinda sobuzwe noma samasiko zingathonya amathuba engane okuya esikoleni, ukuqhubeka, nokuphumelela. Izinqubomgomo ezibonakala "zilingana nabo bonke" zivame ukungabi nabulungisa ngoba azinaki izindawo zokuqala ezahlukene.
Isibonelo, izinqubomgomo zokwahlukanisa izindawo noma izinhlelo zokwamukelwa ezisekelwe endaweni zingase zihlose ukulingana, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kuncike kakhulu ekusatshalalisweni kwekhwalithi yesikole. Uma izikole eziphakeme zigxile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kuyilapho izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zingenazo izinsiza nothisha, ukwahlukanisa izindawo kungaqinisa ukungalingani. Umbono wezenhlalo udinga izinqubomgomo zokubuyisela imali: ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwezinsiza, izikhuthazo zokubekwa kothisha ezindaweni ezikude, ukwesekwa kwezokuthutha, izifundi ezisekelwe ezidingweni, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zokusekela ezifana nokudla okunempilo, impilo, kanye nokusekelwa kwengqondo.
Uhlelo Lwezifundo, Amasiko, kanye Nobunikazi
Uhlelo lwezifundo alugcini nje ngokuqukethe izinto zemfundo kodwa futhi lubumba ubunikazi kanye nemibono yezakhamuzi. I-sociology yezemfundo igcizelela ukubaluleka "kokubaluleka kwamasiko": izinga okuqukethwe kwezifundo okubonisa ngalo amaqiniso omphakathi abafundi futhi kwazisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko. Uma uhlelo lwezifundo lugxile kakhulu emasikweni abusayo, abafundi abavela emaqenjini amancane bangazizwa behlukanisiwe, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okuphilayo kungase kungabhekwa njengolwazi olusemthethweni.
Imiphumela yenqubomgomo iyisidingo sekharikhulamu ehlanganisa bonke abantu engagcini nje ngokufaka isihloko "sokuhlukahluka" ngokomfanekiso, kodwa esihlanganisa nezindlela zokufundisa, ukukhetha izibonelo, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinto zokufundisa. Ukuqinisa ulwazi lokufunda namasiko, imfundo yamasiko amaningi, kanye nemfundo yabalingiswa nakho kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokujulile—hhayi njengeziqubulo zokuziphatha, kodwa njengamakhono omphakathi okuphila emphakathini onezinhlobo eziningi kanye nentando yeningi.
Izikole Njengezinkundla Zobudlelwano Bamandla
Umbono wokungqubuzana kwezenhlalo ubheka izikole njengenkundla yobudlelwano bamandla: ubani obeka izindinganiso, ubani ozuzayo, nokuthi ubani othuliswayo. Izinqubomgomo zemfundo zivame ukubonisa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezintshisekelo ezahlukahlukene—umbuso, imakethe, amaqembu ochwepheshe, kanye nomphakathi. Isibonelo, ukwenziwa ngasese kwemfundo noma ukwandiswa kwezikole ezikhokhelwayo kungandisa ukukhetha kwabanye, kodwa futhi kuqinise ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo: izikole “ezibizayo neziphakeme” zesigaba esiphakathi esiphakeme, izikole “ezishibhile nezinganele” zamaqembu asengozini.
I-Sociology igcizelela ukuthi uma imfundo iphathwa njengempahla, ukufinyelela kanye nekhwalithi kuvame ukulandela amandla okuthenga. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zidinga ukuvikela imfundo njengento yomphakathi ngokuxhaswa okwanele kombuso, ukulawulwa kwezindleko, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezindinganiso zekhwalithi eziphansi. Ukuqapha imikhuba yokukhipha abanye abantu—njengezimali ezifihliwe noma ukukhetha okubandlululayo—kuyisici esibalulekile sezinqubomgomo ezilinganayo.
Imfundo, Ukuhamba Komphakathi, kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kokungalingani
Indaba enamandla ngemfundo ukuthi isebenza "njengesitebhisi sokuhamba komphakathi." Kodwa-ke, isayensi yezenhlalo ixwayisa ngokuthi imfundo ingaveza nokungalingani. Umqondo wemali yamasiko usikisela ukuthi izingane ezivela emindenini efundile zivame ukuba nolimi, imikhuba yokufunda, ukufinyelela ezincwadini, kanye nokusekelwa kwezemfundo okuhambisana kangcono nezidingo zesikole. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqubomgomo ezigcizelela ukuncintisana kanye nempumelelo ngaphandle kokusekelwa okuqinisekisiwe zingenza imiphumela yemfundo ibonakale "ifanele ukufaneleka," yize kungebona bonke abafundi abaqala kusukela esisekelweni esifanayo.
Imiphumela yenqubomgomo yalezi zitholelo igcizelela ukubaluleka kokungenelela kwasekuqaleni nokunezigaba eziningi: imfundo yezingane zakuqala esezingeni eliphezulu, izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala zomndeni, ukubandakanyeka kwabazali ngaphandle kokwahlulela, izinsizakalo zokuqondisa nokwelulekwa eziqinisiwe, kanye nohlelo lokulungisa olunobuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwabafundi kudinga ukuhlola inqubo kanye nenqubekela phambili, hhayi nje umphumela wokugcina, ukuvimbela izikole ekubeni "imishini yokukhetha" ekhipha labo abadinga ukwesekwa.
Indima Yothisha Nesimo Sesikole
I-sociology iphinde igcizelele ukuthi inqubomgomo yemfundo ayiyona nje imibhalo, kodwa futhi imayelana nemikhuba yezenhlalo ezikoleni. Othisha abagcini nje ngokufaka uhlelo lwezifundo; bangabalingisi bezenhlalo abaxhumana nabafundi ngokulindelekile, amalebula, kanye nokuhlolwa. Izenzakalo ezifana nomphumela we-Pygmalion (okulindelwe othisha kuthonya impumelelo yabafundi) kanye nokulebula (ukubeka abafundi amagama athi “ababi,” “abahamba kancane,” noma “abangakwazi”) kubonisa ukuthi izinqubomgomo zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kumele zicabangele ubukhulu bobudlelwano.
Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zokuqeqesha othisha kudingeka zihlanganise amakhono okufundisa kanye nawomphakathi: ukuqwashisa ngokukhetha, indlela ebandakanya wonke umuntu, ukuphathwa kwekilasi okungacindezeli, kanye nekhono lokufundisa esimweni samasiko amaningi. Isimo sesikole esingenakho ukuxhashazwa, ubudlova, kanye nokubandlululwa nakho kuyisici sezenhlalo esithonya imiphumela yokufunda.
Ukubamba iqhaza Komphakathi kanye Nokuphathwa Kwezemfundo
Inqubomgomo yemfundo ephumelelayo idinga ukuba semthethweni kwezenhlalo. I-sociology inikeza uhlaka lokuqonda ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi: ubani onezwi ekwenzeni izinqumo—abazali, abafundi, imiphakathi yasendaweni, izinhlangano zomphakathi, noma nje i-bureaucracy. Lapho izinqubomgomo zenziwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi ngaphandle kwengxoxo, ukumelana komphakathi kungavela, ukusetshenziswa kuyabuthaka, futhi imigomo yenqubomgomo ayifezwa.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudingeka ukubusa ngokubambisana. Izinkundla zezikole, ukubonisana nomphakathi, ukucaca kwesabelomali, kanye nezindlela zokuphendula izikhalazo kungasiza izinqubomgomo ukuthi zizwele kakhulu izidingo zendawo. Kodwa-ke, ukubamba iqhaza kumele futhi kubandakanye wonke umuntu, kungalawulwa amaqembu akhuluma kakhulu noma anamandla. Izinqubomgomo kumele zibandakanye ngamabomu amaqembu asengozini futhi ziqinise amandla azo okuhlanganyela.
I-Penutup
Imiphumela ye-sociology kwinqubomgomo yezemfundo itholakala ekhonweni layo lokwembula ukuthi imfundo iyinqubo yezenhlalo egcwele izintshisekelo, izindinganiso, kanye nezakhiwo zokungalingani. Besebenzisa ilensi yezenhlalo, abenzi benqubomgomo bangabona ukuthi ukulingana akukhona nje ukuvula ukufinyelela, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ukubaluleka kwamasiko, ukulingana kwenqubo, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamaqembu asengozini. Ekugcineni, inqubomgomo yemfundo enengqondo ayithuthukisi nje kuphela amaphuzu kodwa futhi iqinisa ubumbano lomphakathi, yandisa amathuba okuphila, futhi ibumba izakhamuzi ezikwazi ukuhlala ndawonye ngesithunzi emphakathini ohlukahlukene.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo sase-Indonesia ngokuqondile (isibonelo, ngithinta ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, i-Independent Curriculum, izikole zomphakathi ezizimele, noma igebe lasemakhaya namadolobha) noma ngifake izingcaphuno emibonweni yezemfundo yezenhlalo (i-Durkheim, i-Bourdieu, i-Bowles & Gintis, nabanye).
