Isenzakalo Sokuxhashazwa Ngokombono Wezenhlalo
Ukuxhashazwa kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi ethatha izinhlobo eziningi futhi engenzeka ezimweni ezahlukene zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa izikole, izindawo zokusebenza, kanye nezinye izindawo zomphakathi. Ngokombono wezenhlalo, ukuxhashazwa akuyona nje inkinga yomuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi kuyindaba yesakhiwo ethonywa yizimiso, izindinganiso, kanye namandla ngaphakathi kwamaqembu. Lesi sihloko sizochaza isimo sokuxhashazwa ngokombono wezenhlalo, sihlole imibono efanele, futhi sixoxe ngokuthi umphakathi ungadlala kanjani indima ekubhekaneni nale nkinga.
Incazelo Yokuxhashazwa
Ukuhlukumeza kungachazwa njengezenzo zobudlova eziphindaphindwayo ezenziwa umuntu noma iqembu ngokumelene nesisulu esibuthakathaka, kungaba ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, noma ngokwenhlalo. Lezi zenzo zivame ukuhambisana nenhloso yokulimaza, ukwesabisa, noma ukulawula isisulu. Izinhlobo zokuhlukumeza zifaka phakathi ukuhlukumeza ngokomzimba (ukushaya, ukusunduza), ukuhlukumeza ngamazwi (ukugcona, ukuthuka), ukuhlukumeza emphakathini (ukukhishwa, ukusakaza inhlebo), kanye nokuhlukumeza nge-inthanethi (ukusakaza okuqukethwe okungekuhle ngemidiya yedijithali).
Imibono Yezenhlalo Yokuxhashazwa
Imfundiso Yokungqubuzana
Ngokombono wenkolelo-mbono yokungqubuzana ephakanyiswe nguKarl Marx nabalandeli bakhe, ukuxhashazwa kungabonakala njengokubonakaliswa kwamandla kanye nokungabi nabulungisa emphakathini. Ngokwalo mbono, abantu noma amaqembu anamandla amakhulu bavame ukuxhaphaza labo abanamandla amancane. Ukuxhashazwa kungenye yezibonakaliso zalo mpikiswano wamandla, lapho umxhashazwa esebenzisa amandla angokomzimba, ezenhlalo, noma ezomnotho ukucindezela isisulu esibuthakathaka.
Umbono Wokusebenza Kwesakhiwo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkolelo-mbono yokusebenza kwesakhiwo, njengoba yathuthukiswa ngu-Émile Durkheim, ibheka ukuxhashazwa njengento eyenzeka ngenxa yemizamo yokugcina ukuzinza komphakathi kanye nokulinganisela. Kweminye imiphakathi, ukuziphatha okunolaka kungabonakala njengendlela yokuphoqelela izindinganiso ezithile kanye nezindinganiso. Ukuxhashazwa kungabonakala futhi njengendlela yokulawula umphakathi eyenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banamathela emithethweni yeqembu.
Ithiyori Yokusebenzisana Okungokomfanekiso
Ithiyori yokusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso, ephakanyiswe nguGeorge Herbert Mead noHerbert Blumer, igxile endleleni abantu abahumusha ngayo ukuxhumana kwabo nabantu. Kusukela kulo mbono, ukuxhashazwa kungenzeka ngenxa yamagama amabi anikezwe abantu abathile. Lawa magama angaba "isiprofetho esizigcwalisayo" esenza umuntu obhalwe igama lakhe azizwe ehlukanisiwe, ngaleyo ndlela abe yisisulu sokuxhashazwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke phakathi kwabenzi bokubi kanye nezisulu nakho kuqinisa futhi kuqhubekisele phambili ukuziphatha kokuxhashazwa.
Izici Zezenhlalo Ezithonya Ukuxhashazwa
Okujwayelekile kanye namasiko
Izindinganiso zamasiko kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi zithonya kakhulu izinga kanye nohlobo lokuxhashazwa okwenzekayo. Kwamanye amasiko, ukuziphatha okubusayo kungase kwamukelwe noma kubhekwe njengophawu lwamandla nobuholi. Lokhu kungabangela abantu ukuthi bathambekele kakhulu ekuxhashazweni ukuze bathole ukuqashelwa njengabaholi noma abantu abanamandla.
Ubulili kanye nobulili
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuxhashazwa kuvame ukwenzeka maqondana nezinkinga zobulili nezobulili. Isibonelo, abesilisa banamathuba amaningi okuzibandakanya ekuxhashazweni ngokomzimba, kuyilapho abesifazane benamathuba amaningi okuzibandakanya ekuxhashazweni komphakathi noma ngamazwi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abangalandeli izindinganiso zocansi ezibusayo, njengabantu be-LGBT, bavame ukuba yizisulu zokuxhashazwa.
Ubuholi Bezenhlalo
Izikhundla zomphakathi noma izakhiwo zamandla ngaphakathi kwamaqembu nazo zidlala indima enkulu ekuxhashazweni. Esikoleni, izingane ezidumile noma ezinamandla zingasebenzisa izikhundla zazo ukulawula noma ukuxhashazwa kwabanye. Endaweni yokusebenza, ukuxhashazwa kungavela kubaphathi abasebenzisa kabi amandla abo ukuxhaphaza noma ukubusa abangaphansi kwabo.
Abezindaba Nobuchwepheshe
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bolwazi, ukuxhashazwa kuye kwanda ezweni elibonakalayo, elaziwa ngokuthi ukuxhashazwa kwe-cyber. Imithombo yezokuxhumana isibe yindawo lapho abaxhashazwayo bengenza khona izenzo ezimbi ngokungaziwa nangezinga elikhulu.
Umphumela Wokuxhashazwa Kubantu Nasemphakathini
Umthelela Kubantu Ngamunye
Ukuxhashazwa kunomthelela omubi empilweni yengqondo neyomzimba yezisulu. Eminye imiphumela yokuxhashazwa ihlanganisa ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukuzethemba okuphansi, ngisho nokuthambekela kokuzibulala. Kwezinye izimo, izisulu zokuxhashazwa zingase zibe nezinkinga zomzimba ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, ubuhlungu besisu, noma ukuphazamiseka kokulala.
Umthelela Emphakathini
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, umthelela wokuxhashazwa ufinyelela emphakathini wonkana. Ukuxhashazwa kudala indawo engaphilile futhi kuphazamisa ubumbano lomphakathi. Omakhelwane ababonakala ngokuxhashazwa bavame ukuba namazinga aphansi okubumbana, ukuntuleka kokuthembana, kanye nemizwa eyengeziwe yokungazethembi.
Imizamo Yokunqoba Ukuxhashazwa Ngokombono Wezenhlalo
Indlela Yokwakheka
Enye indlela ephumelelayo yokubhekana nokuxhashazwa ukushintsha izakhiwo zomphakathi ezisekela lokhu kuziphatha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusungula izinqubomgomo zokulwa nokuxhashazwa ezikoleni nasezindaweni zokusebenza, kanye nokubeka izijeziso eziqinile kubenzi bokubi. Ohulumeni kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi nabo kudingeka badlale indima ebalulekile ekudaleni imithetho nemigomo esekela indawo ephephile nebandakanya wonke umuntu.
Imfundo Nokwelulekwa
Umphakathi udinga ukufundiswa nokwaziswa ngezingozi zokuxhashazwa kanye nokubaluleka kozwela nokubekezelelana. Izinhlelo zokufinyelela emphakathini ezikoleni nasemiphakathini zingaba yindlela eyodwa yokukhulisa ulwazi nokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Imfundo yokulwa nokuxhashazwa kufanele ihlanganise nokuqeqeshwa kothisha nabasebenzi besikole ukuze baqaphele futhi baphathe ngempumelelo amacala okuxhashazwa.
Ukuqinisa Ubunye Bomphakathi
Ukuqinisa ubumbano lomphakathi ngemisebenzi eqinisa izibopho zobuntu kungaba yindlela yokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Imisebenzi efana nomsebenzi weqembu, amakilabhu angaphandle kwesikole, kanye namaphrojekthi omphakathi ingasiza ekukhuthazeni umuzwa womphakathi kanye nenhlonipho, futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yokuxhashazwa.
Ubuchwepheshe Njengethuluzi Lokuvimbela
Ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa futhi njengethuluzi lokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Amapulatifomu aku-inthanethi anganikeza izici zokubika ezingaziwa kanye nokuqapha imisebenzi ukuthola ukuziphatha kokuxhashazwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhankaso eku-inthanethi ekhuthaza imiyalezo yokulwa nokuxhashazwa kanye nokusekela izisulu ingasiza ekushintsheni izindinganiso zomphakathi ezisekela ukuxhashazwa.
Isiphetho
Ukuxhashazwa kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini edinga indlela ebanzi yokubhekana nayo. Umbono wezenhlalo unikeza ukuqonda okucebile ngokuthi izimiso zomphakathi, izindinganiso, kanye nezakhiwo zinegalelo kanjani ekuxhashazweni. Ngokuqonda lezi zici, singakha amasu asebenza kahle kakhulu okuvimbela nokubhekana nokuxhashazwa, kanye nokudala imiphakathi ephephile nehlanganisa bonke abantu.
