Ukuhlaziywa Kwezenhlalo Ngomthelela Wempi
Impi ivame ukuqondwa njengesenzakalo sezombusazwe nesezempi esihilela umzabalazo wendawo, amandla, noma izinsiza. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono wezenhlalo, impi iyinto yomphakathi enemiphumela edlula kude impi. Ishintsha isakhiwo somphakathi, idale amaphethini amasha obudlelwano, ikhiqize ukuhlukumezeka okuhlangene, futhi ibumba ubuwena kanye nezindaba mayelana “nathi” kanye “nabo.” Kulesi sihloko, impi ihlaziywa njengenqubo yomphakathi ethinta izikhungo, isiko, umnotho, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke, kokubili emazingeni omuntu ngamunye kanye nawomphakathi.
Impi njengesenzakalo Somphakathi kanye Noshintsho Lwesakhiwo
I-sociology ibheka umphakathi njengohlelo olwakhiwe yizikhungo ezixhumene—umndeni, imfundo, inkolo, umnotho, kanye nombuso. Impi ibangela ukushaqeka okukhulu kulolu hlelo. Lapho izifundazwe zibeka phambili izidingo zempi, ukwabiwa kwesabelomali somphakathi kuyashintsha kakhulu. Imikhakha yezemfundo neyezempilo ingase ibhekane nokunciphisa imali, kuyilapho imboni yezokuvikela ikhula. Ngenxa yalokho, isakhiwo samathuba omphakathi siyashintsha: izinhlobo zemisebenzi etholakalayo ziyashintsha, ukuhamba komphakathi kuba nzima kwamanye amaqembu, futhi ukungalingani kunganda.
Ezimweni eziningi, impi iqinisa nendima kahulumeni ekulawuleni izimpilo zezakhamuzi. Izinqubomgomo eziphuthumayo, ukuvimbela, ukuqapha, ngisho nokubuthelwa empini kudala ukulawula okukhulu komphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi impi akuyona nje into yangaphandle, kodwa inqubo yangaphakathi ebumba kabusha ubudlelwano phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi zawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimo ezimbi kakhulu zingakhuthaza izinhlobo ezithile zobumbano, isibonelo ngezinhlangano zokuzithandela, amanethiwekhi okusiza, noma imikhuba yokusizana ethuthuka ngaphakathi kwemiphakathi ethintekile.
Umthelela Ebantwini Nasekwakhekeni Komndeni
Omunye wemiphumela ebonakalayo yempi ukushintsha kwenani labantu. Ukufa kwabantu abaningi, ukulimala, kanye nokufuduka kwabantu kuthinta ubudala nokwakheka kobulili. Ingxabano ende idala "isizukulwane esilahlekile" - iqembu labantu abaneminyaka yokusebenza elinenani labo elincishisiwe ngenxa yokufa noma ukufuduka. Lezi zinguquko zinemiphumela yesikhathi eside kwezomnotho nezenhlalo: ukushoda kwabasebenzi, imithwalo yokunakekelwa eyandisiwe yabadala nezingane, kanye nokunciphisa umkhiqizo womphakathi.
Umndeni, njengesikhungo sezenhlalo, nawo uyathinteka. Impi ivame ukuhlukanisa amalungu omndeni ngokufuduka noma ukuboshwa, okuholela nasekulahlekelweni ngumondli oyinhloko. Izindima zobulili zingashintsha: abesifazane bathatha izindima ezinkulu zezomnotho lapho amadoda eya empini, kuyilapho izingane zingase ziphoqeleke ukusebenza noma ukuthatha imithwalo yemfanelo yabantu abadala kusenesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinguquko azihlali ziholela ekulinganeni okuhlala njalo; ngemva kokuba ingxabano isiphelile, imiphakathi ingabuyela emaphethini endabuko ngokusebenzisa izingcindezi zamasiko nezepolitiki.
Ababaleki, Ukufuduka Okuphoqelekile, kanye Nenkinga Yokuhlanganiswa Komphakathi
Impi ifana nokufuduka okuphoqelelwe: ababaleki bangaphakathi nabangaphandle kwezwe, kanye nabantu abafudukayo abakhiwe ngenxa yokungazethembi. Ngokwezenhlalo, ukufuduka akusikho nje ukufuduka kwendawo, kodwa futhi nokushintsha kwesimo senhlalo. Ababaleki abaningi balahlekelwa yimali yezomnotho (izimpahla, imisebenzi) kanye nemali yenhlalo (amanethiwekhi, idumela), okubashiya besakha kabusha izimpilo zabo kusukela ekuqaleni.
Emazweni amukelayo, kuvela izinselele zokuhlanganiswa komphakathi. Ukungezwani kungavela ngenxa yokuncintisana ngezinsiza—izindlu, imisebenzi, izinsizakalo zomphakathi—noma ngenxa yokucwaswa kwamaqembu abokufika. Imidiya kanye nenkulumo yezepolitiki ngezinye izikhathi kuqinisa imibono engajwayelekile, kwakha ababaleki “njengomthwalo” noma “njengosongo.” Ngokombono wezenhlalo, lokhu kubonisa indlela impi eyandisa ngayo ingxabano iye endaweni engokomfanekiso: umzabalazo wencazelo, ubuwena, kanye nokufaneleka.
Ukulimala Okuhlangene kanye Nomthelela Wengqondo Nezenhlalo
Umthelela wempi awugcini nje ngokomzimba, kodwa futhi ungokwengqondo. Ukulimala komuntu ngamunye—njengokucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele (PTSD), ukucindezeleka, noma ukukhathazeka—kuvame ukwanda emiphakathini ethintekile yizingxabano. Kodwa-ke, isayensi yezenhlalo igcizelela ukuthi ukucindezeleka nakho kuyinto ehlangene: kufakwe enkumbulweni yomphakathi, emasikweni okukhumbula, kanye nasezindabeni zomndeni. Izindaba zokulahlekelwa ziba yingxenye yobunikazi bomphakathi futhi zingadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Kulesi simo, ukwethembana komphakathi kuvame ukushabalala. Lapho imiphakathi ibhekana nobudlova, ikakhulukazi okubandakanya omakhelwane noma iziphathimandla, ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu buba buthaka. Abantu baba nokusola kakhulu, banciphise ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, noma bahoxe ezindaweni zomphakathi. Ukuthembana okuwohlokile kwenza ukubuyisana nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezikhungo kube nzima. Ngakho-ke, ukululama ngemva kwempi akukwazi ukuba yiphrojekthi nje yengqalasizinda; kumele kufake phakathi ukubuyiselwa kobudlelwano bomphakathi.
Umnotho Wezempi: Ukungalingani, Ukuxhashazwa, kanye Nezimakethe Ezimnyama
Impi idala umnotho okhethekile. Izifundazwe zandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kanye nokuthutha, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umnotho wezakhamuzi uyabuthaka. Ingqalasizinda yonakele, izintambo zokuhlinzeka ziyaphazamiseka, ukwehla kwamandla emali kuyakhuphuka, futhi ubumpofu buyasakazeka. Ezingxabanweni eziningi, kuvela "umnotho wesithunzi": izimakethe ezimnyama, ukushushumbisa, ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni, kanye nemikhuba yokufuna irenti ezuzisa abambalwa abahlomile noma abantu abaphezulu. Ngokombono wezenhlalo yezomnotho, impi ingabhebhethekisa ukungalingani ngoba ukufinyelela ezinsizeni akusanqunywa izindlela ezivamile zemakethe, kodwa kunalokho ngokuba seduze kwamandla noma ikhono lokusebenzisa ubudlova.
Amaqembu asengozini—izisebenzi, abalimi abancane, izinhloko zemindeni zesifazane, kanye nabantu abancane—bavame ukuthwala umthwalo omkhulu. Babhekene nezindleko zokuphila ezikhuphukayo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa komphakathi okwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impi ingenza kube kubi kakhulu ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa ngenkani noma ukusetshenziswa kwezingane, njengoba imindeni iphoqeleka ukuba iphile.
Ubuwena, Ubuzwe, kanye Nokukhiqizwa “Kwezitha”
Impi isebenza futhi ezingeni lamasiko nelingokomfanekiso. Idinga ukufaneleka, futhi lokhu kufaneleka kuvame ukwakhiwa ngezindaba zobuzwe, ubuqhawe, kanye nokwenza isitha sibe yidimoni. I-sociology iyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi ubunikazi obuhlangene buqiniswa kanjani ngenkulumo-ze, imfundo, abezindaba, kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi. Ngezikhathi zempi, imingcele yobunikazi ichazwa kakhulu: izigaba "zethu" kanye "nabo" ziyaqina, futhi umehluko wobuzwe, wenkolo, noma wezilimi ungaguqulwa ube wezepolitiki.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukucwaswa kanye nobudlova obubhekiswe kubantu abancane kuyanda, ikakhulukazi lapho abantu abancane behlotshaniswa nohlangothi oluphikisayo. Izingxabano zingakhula zibe yizingxabano eziqondile, zihlukanise umphakathi ngaphakathi. Ngisho nangemva kokuphela kwezimpi, iminonjana yalezi zigaba ivame ukuqhubeka, ithonya inqubomgomo yomphakathi kanye namaphethini okuhlukaniswa komphakathi.
Imfundo, Intsha, kanye Nokulahlekelwa Yimali Esebenzayo
Izingane kanye nentsha yiqembu elivame ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa isikhathi eside. Izikole ziyavalwa, othisha bayasuswa, izikhungo zemfundo ziyalimala, futhi izifundo zingafakwa empini. Lapho imfundo iphazamiseka, izisebenzi zomphakathi ziyancipha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuthinta umkhiqizo, impilo, kanye nekhono lomphakathi lokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impi ibumba ukuhlangana kwentsha nabantu. Bakhulela esimweni sobudlova obujwayelekile, bebona izikhali, ukufa, nokungaqiniseki njengengxenye yansuku zonke yokuphila. Le nqubo ingathonya izindlela zokuqondisa amanani: indlela ababheka ngayo igunya, izingxabano, kanye nekusasa. Kwezinye izifunda, izingane zize zibuthwe njengezilwi, okuphazamisa intuthuko yazo yomphakathi.
Ukubuyisana, Ubulungiswa, kanye Nokwakha Kabusha Amanethiwekhi Okuxhumana
Umbuzo obalulekile ngemva kwempi uthi: umphakathi ululama kanjani? I-Sociology igcizelela ukuthi ukwakha kabusha kumele kufake phakathi uhlangothi lomphakathi—ukubuyisela ukwethembana, ubulungiswa, kanye nendawo yokuxoxisana. Izindlela ezifana nezinkantolo, amakhomishini eqiniso, isinxephezelo, kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyiselwa kwabantu ababesempini zisebenza umsebenzi womphakathi wokubuyisela izindinganiso kanye nokunciphisa imijikelezo yokuziphindiselela.
Kodwa ukubuyisana akukhona nje “ukukhohlwa.” Kudinga ukuvuma ukuhlupheka, ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo, nokudala indaba ehlanganyelwe engafihli ukungabi nabulungisa. Ezingeni lomphakathi, imisebenzi ehlanganyelwe—njengokukhonza umphakathi, izinkundla zomphakathi, noma amaphrojekthi ezomnotho ahlanganyelwe—kungaba yindlela yokwakha kabusha imali yomphakathi ephukile.
Isiphetho
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, impi iyisenzakalo esiguqula ngokuphelele umphakathi. Imiphumela yayo ayihlanganisi nje ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba kodwa futhi nezinguquko ezakhiweni zezikhungo, ukuphazamiseka kwabantu, ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe, ukuhlukumezeka kwabantu abaningi, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kobunikazi. Ukuqonda impi ngokwezenhlalo kusisiza sibone ukuthi ukululama ngemva kwempi kuwumzamo wesikhathi eside ohilela ukwakha kabusha ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, ubulungiswa, kanye nokwethembana. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo akuchazi nje kuphela umthelela wempi kodwa futhi kunikeza uhlaka lokuklama izinqubomgomo nemikhuba yezenhlalo enobuntu ekubhekaneni nezinqubo zezingxabano nokuthula.
