Ubuchwepheshe Bokwenza Isikrini se-HDR Kwama-Smartphones
Ukuvela kwezikrini ze-smartphone eminyakeni eyishumi edlule akukhona nje ukwandisa usayizi noma ukuxazulula okubukhali. Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kube ukufika kwe-HDR (High Dynamic Range), ubuchwepheshe obuvumela izikrini ukuthi zibonise ububanzi obubanzi bemibala ekhanyayo nemnyama, ecebile, kanye nemininingwane ehlala ibonakala ezindaweni ezimnyama nezigqamile. Kodwa i-"HDR" esikrinini se-smartphone akuyona nje ilebula lokumaketha—ngemuva kwayo kulele isethi eyinkimbinkimbi yobuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukulinganisa, kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izikrini ze-HDR ezenziwa ngayo, kusukela ezinhlotsheni zamaphaneli kuya ekulungisweni kwefektri.
Iyini i-HDR esikrinini se-smartphone?
Kalula nje, i-HDR iyikhono lesibonisi lokubonisa umehluko omkhulu ekukhanyeni (ukukhanya) phakathi kwezingxenye ezikhanyayo nezimnyama kakhulu zesigcawu, kuyilapho kugcinwa imininingwane nokunemba kombala. Isibonisi esihle se-HDR ngokuvamile sinalokhu:
1. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezivelele (isib. ukukhanya kwelanga, izibani ze-neon).
2. Amazinga amnyama ajulile, ngakho-ke umehluko uyanda.
3. Ukumbozwa kwemibala ebanzi, ngokuvamile i-DCI-P3 noma ngaphezulu.
4. Ukujula kombala okwanele, okungcono kube yi-10-bit (noma eduze kwayo ngamasu okusika).
5. Ukumapha kwethoni okuhlakaniphile nokulawula ukukhanya, ukuze okuqukethwe kubukeke kungokwemvelo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo zamaphaneli: i-OLED vs i-LCD kanye nomthelela wazo ku-HDR
1) I-OLED (i-AMOLED)
Iningi lama-smartphone e-HDR asezingeni eliphakathi kanye nasezingeni eliphezulu manje asebenzisa i-OLED. Inzuzo enkulu ye-OLED ye-HDR ukuthi iphikseli ngayinye ikhipha ukukhanya kwayo. Uma ibonisa umnyama, amaphikseli angacinywa, okuholela "kumnyama wangempela" kanye nesilinganiso sokungafani okuphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza umphumela we-HDR ubukeke umangalisa, ikakhulukazi ezigcawini ezimnyama ezineziqongo ezigqamile.
Izinselele: Ama-OLED abhekana nengozi yokusha, ukwehla kokukhanya njengoba iminyaka ikhula, kanye nesidingo sokuphathwa kwamandla ngoba ukukhanya okuphezulu kungaba yinto echithayo futhi kushise iphaneli.
2) I-LCD (i-IPS, i-LTPS, njll.)
Ama-LCD athembele ezibanini zasemuva. I-HDR kuma-LCD ithembele kakhulu ekhwalithini yokukhanya kwangemuva kanye nekhono lokufiphaza izindawo ezithile. Kuma-TV, lokhu kufezwa ngokufiphaza kwendawo. Kuma-smartphone e-LCD, isikhala silinganiselwe, ngakho-ke ukufiphaza kwendawo akuvamile ukusebenza kahle njengakuma-TV. Ngenxa yalokho, i-HDR kuma-LCD ngokuvamile ayisebenzi kahle ngokwemibala emnyama kakhulu kanye nokuqhathanisa uma kuqhathaniswa nama-OLED, yize ama-LCD engaba ngcono ekuzinzeni kombala othile kanye nengozi ephansi yokusha.
Ukhiye we-HDR: ukukhanya okuphezulu nokuphathwa kokushisa
Ukuze i-HDR "izizwe" njengayo, isibonisi sidinga ukufinyelela ukukhanya okuphezulu. Izitifiketi eziningi zilinganisa lokhu kukhanya okuphezulu phezu kwefasitela elincane (isb., 1–10% wendawo yesikrini) ngoba kokuqukethwe kwe-HDR, ukugqama ngokuvamile kuyingxenye encane yesithombe.
Ukuze kufezwe lo mgomo, ifektri ithuthukisa izinto eziningana:
– Izinto ezikhipha uketshezi (ku-OLED): ukusebenza kahle kwezinto ezibomvu/eziluhlaza/eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokwakheka kwe-subpixel kubaluleke kakhulu.
– Isakhiwo se-stack: amanye amaphaneli asebenzisa isakhiwo se-multi-stack (isb. i-tandem) ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside, yize siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sibiza kakhulu.
– Isekethe yomshayeli: ama-transistors kanye nesinxephezelo kuyadingeka ezikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamaza aphezulu ngokuzinzile ngaphandle kokulimaza iphaneli noma ukudala ukukhanya okungalingani.
– Umklamo wokushisa: Ukukhanya okuphezulu kukhiqiza ukushisa. Abakhiqizi banezela izendlalelo zokusabalalisa ukushisa, amashidi e-graphite, kanye nomkhawulo wokukhanya ozenzakalelayo (i-ABL). I-ABL ivame ukuba yimbangela yokuthi ukukhanya kwe-HDR kwehle ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa.
Ukujula kombala: 10-bit, 8-bit + dithering, kanye nepayipi
I-HDR ifaneleka kakhulu ukusebenzisa ama-bits ayi-10 ngesiteshi sombala, ngakho-ke izinguquko ze-gradient (isb., isibhakabhaka sokushona kwelanga) zibonakala zingenazihibe futhi zingenazihibe. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amaphaneli e-smartphone angowokuzalwa ngama-bits ayi-10 ngempela. Amanye asebenzisa i-8-bit + FRC (Frame Rate Control) noma i-temporal dithering ukuze alingise ama-bits ayi-10.
Ngaphezu kwephaneli, ipayipi lokubonisa kumele futhi lisekele i-HDR:
– I-GPU/ISP ikhiqiza ozimele abane-HDR encoding (PQ/HLG).
– Isilawuli sokubonisa sithumela idatha ngefomethi efanele.
– I-IC (DDIC) ye-panel driver ilawula i-voltage/current kuma-pixels ngokunemba.
Uma enye yezingxenye ingu-8-bit kuphela ngaphandle kokugoba kahle, umphumela we-HDR ungase ubonakale ufana noma imibala "ephukile".
Imibala ehlukahlukene kanye nezihlungi: kusukela ezintweni kuya ekumbozweni okubonakalayo
I-HDR ayigcini nje ngokukhanya, imayelana nombala. Okuqukethwe okuningi kwe-HDR kuqondiswa kahle esikhaleni sombala se-DCI-P3 noma se-BT.2020 (yize i-BT.2020 ephelele ingavamile ukutholakala kumadivayisi abathengi).
Kuma-OLED, i-gamut ithintwa yi-spectrum yokukhishwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Kuma-LCD, i-gamut ithintwa yi-backlight kanye nezihlungi zombala. Ukuze bandise i-gamut, abakhiqizi bangenza okulandelayo:
– Ukusebenzisa izinto zokukhipha i-spectrum encane (OLED),
– Ukusebenzisa i-quantum dot noma i-narrow spectrum backlight (kuvame kakhulu ezikrinini ezinkulu, kodwa umqondo ubalulekile),
- Izihlungi zombala ezilungiselelwe kanye nezendlalelo ze-polarisation.
Ezinye izendlalelo ezibonakalayo ezibalulekile kulwazi lwe-HDR kuma-smartphone yilezi:
– Ukugqoka okuvimbela ukukhanyisa kanye nokubopha okubonakalayo, ukugcina umehluko uphezulu ngaphandle.
– I-polarizer eyindilinga (evamile kuma-OLED) ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa nokuthuthukisa umbono omnyama.
Inqubo yokwenziwa kwe-OLED yezibonisi ze-HDR (ezincane kodwa eziyinhloko)
Ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli e-OLED e-smartphone ngokuvamile kudlula ezigabeni eziningana ezinkulu:
1. I-TFT backplane
Lona "ubukhulu" bama-transistors alawula i-subpixel ngayinye. Ubuchwepheshe be-Backplane njenge-LTPS noma i-LTPO buthinta ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye namakhono okuvuselela aguquguqukayo, okugcina kuthinta ukuphathwa kwe-HDR (isb., lapho kudlala ividiyo ye-HDR uma kuqhathaniswa nokuskrola).
2. Ukubekwa kwezingqimba eziphilayo
Kubekwa ungqimba lwezinto eziphilayo olukhipha ukukhanya ngemuva. Izindlela ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukuhwamuka kokushisa kwe-vacuum nge-mask yensimbi encane (i-FMM) yokwenza amaphethini e-RGB kumaphaneli amaningi e-smartphone.
3. Ukuvala (ukuvala)
Ama-OLED azwela kakhulu emoyeni nasemoyeni wamanzi. Ukufakwa kwe-encapsulation—ngokuvamile ukufakwa kwe-encapsulation yefilimu encane—kuvikela izendlalelo eziphilayo. Ikhwalithi yesivalo ithinta isikhathi sokuphila kwephaneli, okuhlanganisa nekhono layo lokugcina ukukhanya okuphezulu.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa kwabashayeli kanye nokuhlolwa kokufana
Amaphaneli ahlolwa ukufana, amaphutha amabala, kanye nokusabela kokukhanya. I-HDR idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile ukuvimbela ukugqama kwezinye izindawo nokuvimbela ukugqama ukuthi kungabi namagagasi.
Izindinganiso ze-HDR: i-HDR10, i-HDR10+, kanye ne-Dolby Vision
Ilebula le-HDR kuma-smartphone livame ukuhlotshaniswa nalezi zindinganiso ezilandelayo:
– I-HDR10: ifomethi evame kakhulu, esebenzisa i-metadata engaguquki kanye nomsebenzi wokudlulisa i-PQ.
– I-HDR10+: imethadatha enamandla, ivumela imephu yethoni ukuthi ilungise ngokwesigcawu/uhlaka.
– I-Dolby Vision: futhi imethadatha enamandla, ene-ecosystem eqinile yesitifiketi kanye nepayipi elihlanganisiwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela: ukwesekwa kwefomethi akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ikhwalithi yokubonisa ye-HDR efanayo. Amafoni amabili anesilinganiso esifanayo se-"HDR10" angahluka kakhulu ngenxa yokukhanya okuphezulu, imephu yethoni, kanye nokunemba kombala.
Ukumapha kwethoni kanye nokulinganiswa kwefektri: "isinongo" se-HDR esichazayo
Okuqukethwe kwe-HDR kuqondiswe kahle esikrinini esithile sokubhekisela. Ama-smartphone anemikhawulo (usayizi, ukushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla), ngakho-ke imephu yethoni iyadingeka: ukushintsha ububanzi bokukhanya kokuqukethwe ukuze kufane nekhono lesikrini ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa imininingwane ebalulekile.
Embonini, abakhiqizi benza lokhu:
– Ukulinganiswa kwamaphuzu amhlophe (isb. eduze ne-D65),
– Ukulinganiswa kwe-Gamma/EOTF (PQ/HLG) ukuze impendulo yokukhanya ibe sezingeni elifanele,
– Ukulinganisa umbala ukuze kuncishiswe iphutha (i-Delta E),
– Amaphrofayili ezindlela ezahlukene (Ezemvelo, Ezikhanyayo, Ezine-cinema) kanye nezimo zokukhanya.
I-algorithm inquma nokuthi kufanele kusebenze nini ukukhanya okuphezulu (kwezici ze-HDR) nokuthi kufanele kubambe nini ngenxa yokushisa nokuphila kwephaneli.
Inselelo ye-HDR kuma-smartphone: iqiniso lokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke
Ukudala isibonisi se-HDR akukhona nje ukufeza amanani aphezulu elabhorethri. Izinselele ezinkulu zifaka:
– Ukuvumelana kokukhanya: iziqongo eziphakeme zivame ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane ngenxa ye-ABL kanye nokugoba kokushisa.
– Ukufundeka kwangaphandle: ukubonakaliswa nokukhanya kwelanga kungadlula “umehluko” we-HDR.
– Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla: Ividiyo ye-HDR, ikakhulukazi kuma-OLED anokukhanya okuphezulu, ingaqeda ibhethri ngokushesha.
– Ukwehlukahluka kweyunithi: ukubekezelelana kokukhiqiza kwenza iphaneli ngayinye ihluke kancane, ngakho-ke izinqubo zokulinganisa kanye ne-QC (ukulawula ikhwalithi) zibaluleke kakhulu.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-HDR bama-smartphone buyinhlanganisela yezinto ezithuthukisiwe, ukwenziwa ngokunemba, ukwakheka kwesekethe, ukuphathwa kokushisa, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezithombe ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zesimanje ze-HDR. I-OLED okwamanje iyisinqumo esivelele ngenxa yekhono layo lokukhiqiza ubumnyama obuphelele kanye nokugqama okuphezulu, kodwa ikhwalithi yokugcina ye-HDR isanqunywa yizici eziningi: ukukhanya okuphezulu okungokoqobo, ukujula kombala, i-gamut, izembozo ezibonakalayo eziphikisana nokukhanya, kanye nokumapha kwethoni okunembile kanye nokulinganiswa. Ekugcineni, i-HDR enhle ayigcini nje ngokuba "ikhanya kakhulu," kodwa imayelana nekhono lokubonisa imininingwane nombala ngendlela ekholisayo - kokubili egumbini elimnyama nangaphansi kwelanga elikhanyayo.
